Table Of ContentConference Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Mechanics Series
Shamim Pakzad Editor
Dynamics of
Civil Structures,
Volume 2
Proceedings of the 36th IMAC, A Conference and Exposition
on Structural Dynamics 2018
ConferenceProceedingsoftheSocietyforExperimentalMechanics Series
SeriesEditor
KristinB.Zimmerman,Ph.D.
SocietyforExperimentalMechanics,Inc.,
Bethel,CT,USA
Moreinformationaboutthisseriesathttp://www.springer.com/series/8922
Shamim Pakzad
Editor
Dynamics of Civil Structures, Volume 2
Proceedings of the 36th IMAC, A Conference and Exposition
on Structural Dynamics 2018
123
Editor
ShamimPakzad
DepartmentofCivilandEnvironmentalEngineering
LehighUniversity
Bethlehem,PA,USA
ISSN2191-5644 ISSN2191-5652 (electronic)
ConferenceProceedingsoftheSocietyforExperimentalMechanicsSeries
ISBN978-3-319-74420-9 ISBN978-3-319-74421-6 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-74421-6
LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2018942013
©TheSocietyforExperimentalMechanics,Inc.2019
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Preface
DynamicsofCivilStructuresrepresentsoneofninevolumesoftechnicalpaperspresentedatthe36thIMAC,aConference
and Exposition on Structural Dynamics, organized by the Society for Experimental Mechanics, and held in Orlando,
Florida, February 12–15, 2018. The full proceedings also include volumes on Nonlinear Dynamics; Model Validation
and Uncertainty Quantification; Dynamics of Coupled Structures; Special Topics in Structural Dynamics; Structural
Health Monitoring, Photogrammetry & DIC; Rotating Machinery, Vibro-Acoustics and Laser Vibrometry; Sensors and
Instrumentation,Aircraft/AerospaceandEnergyHarvesting;andTopicsinModalAnalysis&Testing.
Eachcollectionpresentsearlyfindingsfromanalytical,experimental,andcomputationalinvestigationsonanimportant
areawithinStructuralDynamics.DynamicsofCivilStructuresisoneoftheseareaswhichcovertopicsofinterestofseveral
disciplinesinengineeringandscience.
The Dynamics of Civil Structures Technical Division serves as a primary focal point within the SEM umbrella for
technicalactivitiesdevotedtocivilstructuresanalysis,testing,monitoring,andassessment.Thisvolumecoversavarietyof
topicsincludingstructuralvibrations,damageidentification,human-structureinteraction,vibrationcontrol,modelupdating,
modalanalysisofin-servicestructures,innovativemeasurementtechniquesandmobilesensing,andbridgedynamics,among
manyotherstopics.
Papers cover testing and analysis of different kinds of civil engineering structures such as buildings, bridges, stadiums,
dams,andothers.
Theorganizerswouldliketothanktheauthors,presenters,sessionorganizers,andsessionchairsfortheirparticipationin
thistrack.
Bethlehem,PA,USA ShamimPakzad
v
Contents
1 ExperimentalModalAnalysisStudyofaStandingSoldierandRifleSystem.................................... 1
Razvan Rusovici, Joshua Drew, Brian Fischer, George Kontis, Terrence F. Rice, Francis J. Battersby,
andMichaelPavlisak
2 PerformanceCharacterizationofModalIdentificationAlgorithms,theCaseofAutomatedModal
AnalysisofPalazzoLombardia........................................................................................ 7
MarcelloVanali,MartaBerardengo,StefanoManzoni,GiorgioBusca,andElenaMola
3 DynamicCharacterizationoftheLittleBeltSuspensionBridgebyOperationalModalAnalysis ............. 17
SilasS.Christensen,MichaelS.Andersen,andAndersBrandt
4 ThePredictionofVibrationsforLightStructuresinPresenceofMovingPeople ............................... 23
M.Berardengo,L.Drago,S.Manzoni,andM.Vanali
5 OnStationarityandtheInterpretationoftheADFStatistic ....................................................... 29
K.Worden,I.Iakovidis,andE.J.Cross
6 SimulationofPeople’sMovementsonFloorsUsingSocialForceModel.......................................... 39
AhmedS.MohammedandAleksandarPavic
7 UsingCorrelationFunctionsasFreeDecays......................................................................... 47
RuneBrincker,SandroAmador,andMartinJuul
8 FootbridgeVibrationsPredictedbyStochasticLoadModel ....................................................... 51
LarsPedersenandChristianFrier
9 Non-structuralMassesandTheirInfluenceonFloorNaturalFrequencies ...................................... 59
ChristianFrier,LarsPedersen,andLarsVabbersgaardAndersen
10 ProbabilisticAnalysisofModalPropertiesforFloorSystemswithUncertainSupportConditions........... 67
LarsVabbersgaardAndersen,ChristianFrier,andLarsPedersen
11 UsageofMEMSCapacitiveAccelerationSensorsforStructuralMonitoring.................................... 77
MarineDumontandDanWolf
12 UsingtheRandomDecrementTechniqueonShortRecordswithVaryingSignal-to-NoiseRatios ............ 91
RonwaldoEmmanuelR.AquinoandYukioTamura
13 Why a Curb Shouldn’t Be Kicked to the Curb: The Importance of Non-Structural Elements
inDynamicModelling................................................................................................... 97
MichaelJ.Wesolowsky,MelissaWong,AllanRaun,andJohnC.Swallow
14 DynamicBehaviorofa130YearsOldBuildingUnderExcessiveSoundPressure .............................. 105
RetoCantieni
15 ScenarioBasedApproachforLoadIdentification................................................................... 117
MichaelVigsø,MariusTarpø,JannickB.Hansen,RuneBrincker,andChristosT.Georgakis
vii
viii Contents
16 TheRealisationofanInerter-BasedSystemUsingFluidInerter.................................................. 127
PredarickaDeastra,DavidJ.Wagg,andNeilD.Sims
17 ExperiencesfromtheFive-YearMonitoringofaLong-SpanPontoonBridge:WhatWentRight,
WhatWentWrongandWhat’sNext? ................................................................................ 135
KnutAndreasKvåle,OleØiseth,andAndersRønnquist
18 Developmentofa3-DOFStructuralDisplacementSensorBasedonaTwo-StageKalmanFilter............. 139
JunYeonChung,KiyoungKim,JaemookChoi,andHoonSohn
19 EffectsofPedestrianExcitationonTwoShort-SpanFRPFootbridgesinDelft.................................. 143
StanaŽivanovic´,JustinRussell,MarkoPavlovic´,XiaojunWei,andJ.TobyMottram
20 VibrationalResponseofStructuresExposedtoHuman-InducedLoads.......................................... 151
JonasSydersKnudsen,NikolajGrathwol,andSvendOleHansen
21 ProtectionofCriticalAssetsfromtheEffectsofGroundVibrations.............................................. 159
BradPridhamandNickWalters
22 ExperimentalCharacterisationofDynamicPropertiesofanAll-FRPTrussBridge............................ 169
XiaojunWei,GiosueBoscato,JustinRussell,AlessandroAdilardi,SalvatoreRusso,andStanaŽivanovic´
23 Modal Parameter Uncertainty Estimates as a Tool for Automated Operational Modal Analysis:
ApplicationstoaSmartBuilding...................................................................................... 177
RodrigoSarloandPabloA.Tarazaga
24 ModelingHuman-StructureInteractionUsingControlModels:ExternalExcitation........................... 183
AhmedT.AlzubaidiandJuanM.Caicedo
25 MeasurementofHumanLoadsUsingComputerVision............................................................ 191
OzanCelik,Chuan-ZhiDong,andF.NecatiCatbas
26 AutomaticDetectionofStructuralDeficienciesUsing4DHue-AssistedAnalysisofColorPointClouds ..... 197
AliKhalooandDavidLattanzi
27 HumanActivityBenchmarkClassificationUsingMultilayerArtificialNeuralNetwork....................... 207
RaminMadarshahian,JuanM.Caicedo,andNicholasHaerens
28 CrackingInfluenceonDynamicParametersofReinforcedConcreteFloors..................................... 211
WilliamFerreiraMiranda,SuzanaMoreiraAvila,andGracielaNoraDoz
29 Paradigm Shift in Structural Vibration Serviceability: New Assessment Framework Based
onHuman’sExperienceofVibration ................................................................................. 217
ErfanShahabpoor,AleksandarPavic,VitomirRacic,andHootanRezaei
30 State-of-the-ArtandFutureDirectionsforPredictiveModellingofOffshoreStructureDynamics
UsingMachineLearning................................................................................................ 223
U.T.Tygesen,K.Worden,T.Rogers,G.Manson,andE.J.Cross
31 StructuralIdentificationofaFive-StoryReinforcedConcreteOfficeBuildinginNepal........................ 235
MehdiM.Akhlaghi,SupratikBose,BabakMoaveni,andAndreasStavridis
32 StructuralIdentificationforDynamicStrainEstimationinWindTurbineTowers ............................. 239
MansureNabiyan,HamedEbrahimian,BabakMoaveni,andFaramarzKhoshnoudian
33 ModalParameterIdentificationfromMeasurementsofVehicle-BridgeInteraction............................ 247
YiLiu,JohnMacDonald,andDarioDi Maio
34 BridgeStructuralIdentificationUsingMovingVehicleAccelerationMeasurements ........................... 251
SoheilSadeghiEshkevariandShamimPakzad
35 NDE of Additively Manufactured Parts via Directly Bonded and Mechanically Attached
ElectromechanicalImpedanceSensors ............................................................................... 263
C.Tenney,M.Albakri,C.B.Williams,andP.Tarazaga
Contents ix
36 ClassificationofHumanWalkingPatternsthroughSingularValueDecompositionProjection................ 273
EllisKesslerandPabloA.Tarazaga
37 DynamicCharacterizationofaPrestressedConcreteBridgebyStrainandAccelerationMeasurements.... 279
KirkA.Grimmelsman
38 Evaluation of a New Energy-Based Human Tracking Method in a Smart Building Using Floor
VibrationMeasurements................................................................................................ 289
Sa’edAlajlouniandPabloA.Tarazaga
39 InnovativeSensingbyUsingDeepLearningFramework........................................................... 293
NurSilaGulgec,MartinTakácˇ,andShamimPakzad
40 TheRoleofControl-StructureInteractioninDeployableAutonomousControlSystems....................... 301
K.GoortsandS.Narasimhan
41 SupportVectorMachine-BasedFaceDirectionDetectionUsinganInfraredArraySensor.................... 309
ZhangjieChen,HanweiLiu,andYaWang
42 EstimationofRemainingUsefulLifeofaFatigueDamagedWindTurbineBladewithParticleFilters...... 319
BhavanaValetiandShamimPakzad
43 ANumericalInvestigationofaGravity-CompensatedNonlinearEnergySinkforthePassiveControl
ofFlooringSystems...................................................................................................... 329
J.R.RamseyandN.E.Wierschem
44 CharacterizingStructuralChangestoEstimateWalkingGaitBalance .......................................... 333
JonathonFagert,MostafaMirshekari,ShijiaPan,PeiZhang,andHaeYoungNoh
45 LoadRatingofaReinforcedConcreteT-BeamBridgeThroughAmbientVibrationTestingandFinite
ElementModelUpdating............................................................................................... 337
AbdouK.Ndong,MehrdadS.Dizaji,MohamadAlipour,OsmanE.Ozbulut,andDevinK.Harris
46 IdentifyingModalCharacteristicsofReinforcedConcreteBridgesUsingSmartphones....................... 345
AbdouK.Ndong,OsmanE.Ozbulut,andDevinK.Harris
47 ModelUpdatingandDamageAssessmentofaRCStructureUsinganIterativeEigenvalueProblem........ 355
MicheleTondi,SeyedsinaYousefianmoghadam,AndreasStavridis,BabakMoaveni,andMarcoBovo
48 ModalPropertiesofaModelofaChinesePagoda .................................................................. 359
YajieWu,XiaobinSong,andCarlosE.Ventura
49 AdvancedFourier-BasedModelofBouncingLoads ................................................................ 367
VitomirRacic,JunChen,andAleksandarPavic
50 DefiningGroupingsandClassificationofHumanGaitUsingCorrelationofGroundReactionForce
Measurements............................................................................................................ 377
EllisKessler,PabloA.Tarazaga,andRobinQueen
Chapter 1
Experimental Modal Analysis Study of a Standing Soldier
and Rifle System
RazvanRusovici,JoshuaDrew,BrianFischer,GeorgeKontis,TerrenceF.Rice,FrancisJ.Battersby,
andMichaelPavlisak
Abstract The response of the human body to shock and vibration has been a subject of interest to many researchers in
the aerospace and automotive industry. In a new study, an experimental modal analysis of a rifle-armed, standing soldier
in a standard firing position was performed. The purpose of the study was to determine the modes of vibration of the
soldier-weaponsysteminordertogainanunderstandingofitsresponseduringthefiringevent.Theweaponfiringaccuracy,
especially during closely-repeated semi-automatic or fully-automatic fire, as well as the energy transmitted to the body of
the soldier depend not only on the weapon itself but also on the soldier body’s dynamic characteristics. Rapid weapon
firedoesnotallowasoldiertoconsciouslycontrolmusclesneededtobringbacktheweapontoitsoriginalposition,sothe
weaponlocationaftereachfireisinfluencedmorebythedynamiccharacteristicsofthehuman-riflesystem.Theexperimental
modalanalyseswereperformedusingmulti-averaged,impact-forceandelectrodynamicshakerforceexcitation(mainlysine
sweeps) and roving triaxial acceleration response at various locations on the body. It was observed that testing of human
subjectsposessignificantdifficultiessinceanincreasingnumberofmeasurementaveragescouldleadtomusclefatigueand
ensuingtremorsthatcouldnegativelyinfluencecoherence.Thesoldierstanceduringthetestscouldalsochangeduetothe
unconscious needtoadjusttoamorecomfortablebodyposition.Thepositioningoftheaccelerometers wasdifficultsince
attachmentcouldbemadetoskinonly.Whiletherewasingenerallargevariabilityinsoldiersize,massandbodystrength,
thestudyallowedtheidentificationofsomelowermodesofinterestwhichappearedtohavethesamemodeshape,albeitat
differentfrequencies,forallthevariousindividualstested.ThesignalswereacquiredwithaNationalInstrumentshardware
and processed using ModalView software. For an average size soldier the first mode occurred at approximately 2 Hz. The
firstmodeshapeexhibitedcombinedbending(backward)andtwistingcharacteristicswhicharegenerallyseenina“upand
totheright”motionofaright-shoulderheldweaponduringfiring.Moremodesinthe0–20Hzrangewereidentified.
Keywords Humanvibration · Experimentalmodalanalysis · LSCF · Weapon · Impacthammer
1.1 Introduction
Humansareexposedtolargevarietyofshockandvibrationsources.Inmanycases,thesesourcesmaybesignificantenough
inmagnitudeandfrequencytoaffectthehealthorthejobperformanceoftheindividualexposedtothem.Theresponseof
the human body to shock and vibration has been a subject of interest for several decades and includes several studies by
starting with NASA [1] and ongoing with several others that found the natural frequencies and mode shapes of human in
variouspositions:References[2–6]areexamplesofsuchwork.Whilesomeresearchaddressedpartofthehumanbody[2,
5, 6], others investigated the entire body in various postures [1, 3, 4, 7]. The experimental approach to defining the modal
characteristics of the human body have been approached using both experimental modal analysis (EMA) and operational
modalanalysis(OMA).
R.Rusovici((cid:2))
FloridaInstituteofTechnology,Melbourne,FL,USA
e-mail:rrusovic@fit.edu
J.Drew·B.Fischer·G.Kontis
KnightsArmamentCompany,Titusville,FL,USA
T.F.Rice·F.J.Battersby·M.Pavlisak
USARMYARDEC,PicatinnyArsenal,NJ,USA
©TheSocietyforExperimentalMechanics,Inc.2019 1
S.Pakzad(ed.),DynamicsofCivilStructures,Volume2,ConferenceProceedingsoftheSociety
forExperimentalMechanicsSeries,https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-74421-6_1
