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FOCUS
FOCUS SERIES in NETWORKS AND TELECOMMUNICATIONS
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sa NETWORKS AND TELECOMMUNICATIONS SERIES
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The last decade has witnessed a growing body of knowledge on the design and mf
operation of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) in a broad spectrum of SM
applications. The premise of advancements in hardware design (MEMS, . H. A
transceivers, sensors, etc.) potentiated a cost-effective base for many sensing a.
domains. The protocols and paradigms devised for WSNs grew, both in scope ss O
and depth, to span many scenarios; advancing on energy efficiency and ate
na
resilience as two main cores. However, recent attempts to scale WSN ef
iy
deployments to larger regions, and augment their functionality after n
deployment, elicited significant voids. We are faced with a technology that is
advancing towards saturation in delta-improvements, many caps on
performance, and a demand that is increasingly underachieved.
In a technology where case-specific approaches have always been employed,
much rigidity and stalled designs dominate the current state of the art. In this
research the authors leap into a novel paradigm of scalability and cost-
effectiveness, on the basis of resource reuse. In a world with an abundance of
wirelessly accessible devices, WSN deployments should capitalize on the
resources already available in the region of deployment, and only augment it D
with the components required to meet new application requirements. However, y
if the required resources already exist in that region, WSN deployment n
converges to an assignment and scheduling scheme to accommodate the new a
m
application given the existing resources.
i
Such resources are polled from many domains, including multiple WSNs c
already in the field, static networks (WiFi, WiMAX, cellular, etc) in addition to W
municipal, industrial and mobile resources. The architecture, framework and
i
pricing policy, in addition to approaches for backward compatibility with r
e
existing deployments, are presented in this book. The authors elaborate on the l
e
formalization of the problem, and contrast with existing work on coverage. This
s
paradigm adopts optimal assignments in WSNs and exploits dynamic re- s
programming for boosting post-deployment and backward compatible S Dynamic Wireless
protocols. e
n
s
o
r Sensor Networks
N
Sharief M. A. Oteafy is currently a PhD candidate at the School of Computing at
e
Queen’s University, Canada. His current research focuses on dynamic t
w
architectures for Wireless Sensor Networks; encompassing dynamic resource
management over heterogeneous platforms, enabling large-scale sensing o
r
networks and operation in harsh environments. k
Hossam S. Hassanein is Professor in the School of Computing at Queen’s s
University, Canada. His research areas include broadband, wireless and mobile
networks architecture, protocols, control and performance evaluation. He is also
the Founder and Director of the Telecommunications Research (TR) Lab at
Sharief M. A. Oteafy
Queen’s University School of Computing.
Hossam S. Hassanein
Z(7ib8e8-CBFDBD(
www.iste.co.uk
Dynamic Wireless Sensor Networks
Tomyfather,Dr.MohamedAtef,withmuchlove.
Sharief
Tomylovingfamily.
Hossam
FOCUS SERIES
Series Editor Abdelhamid Mellouk
Dynamic Wireless
Sensor Networks
Sharief M.A. Oteafy
Hossam S. Hassanein
Firstpublished2014inGreatBritainandtheUnitedStatesbyISTELtdandJohnWiley&Sons,Inc.
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Contents
PREFACE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ix
LISTOFACRONYMS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xi
LISTOFNOTATIONS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xiii
CHAPTER1.EVOLUTIONOFWIRELESSSENSORNETWORKS. . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1.Theprogressionofwirelesssensornetworks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.2.Remotesensing:inretrospect. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.3.InheriteddesignsandprotocolsfromMANets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.4.Bookoutline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
1.5.Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
1.6.Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
CHAPTER2.SHIFTINGTODYNAMICWSNPARADIGMS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
2.1.Thehurdleofstaticoperation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
2.2.Versatileoperatingsystems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
2.3.Dynamicreprogramming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
2.4.Theriseofservice-orientedWSNs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
2.5.Crowdsensing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
2.6.Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
CHAPTER3.RESILIENCEANDPOST-DEPLOYMENTMAINTENANCE . . . . . . . 19
3.1.Impactofharshenvironmentsonnetworkdesign. . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
3.2.Highfailureproneness(ofnodesandcommunication). . . . . . . . . . 22
3.2.1. Detection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
vi DynamicWirelessSensorNetworks
3.2.2. Classification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
3.2.3.Locationandzoning. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
3.2.4.Isolation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
3.2.5.Maintenance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
3.3.Post-deploymentmaintenance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
3.4.Re-deployment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
3.5.Self-re-distributingSNsandmobility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
3.5.1.Sinkmobility. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
3.5.2.Nodemobility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
3.6.Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
CHAPTER4.CURRENTHINDRANCESINWSNS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
4.1.Lackofconsensus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
4.2.Resourceunderutilizationintheblack-boxparadigm. . . . . . . . . . . 34
4.3.Redundantdeployments. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
4.4.Single-applicationparadigm. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
4.5.Redundancytoboostresilience. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
4.6.IPv6andenablinginternetconnectivity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
4.7.Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
CHAPTER5.CLOUD-CENTRICWSNS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
5.1.Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
5.2.Theevolutionofcloud-centricarchitectures. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
5.2.1.Thecloudvariants. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
5.2.2.LowPANandstubnets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
5.3.SOAandSODA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
5.4.Hindrancesinadoptingcloud-centricWSNs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
5.4.1.Spatiallimitations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
5.4.2.Temporallimitations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
5.4.3.DatarepresentationSLAs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
5.4.4.Impactonresilience. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
5.4.5.Energyefficiencyatsteak. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
5.4.6.Functionaldecompositiondiscrepancies/redesign . . . . . . . . . . 46
5.4.7.Breachinganonymity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
5.4.8.Trafficbottlenecksandquerydiffusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
5.5.Futuredirections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
5.6.Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
CHAPTER6.THERESOURCE-REUSEWSNPARADIGM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
6.1.ContributionsoftheRR-WSNparadigm. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
Contents vii
6.1.1.Revampingtheview(ofWSNs). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
6.1.2.WSNresourcereutilization. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
6.1.3.Multi-applicationoverlay. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
6.1.4.Utilizingnon-WSNabundantresources. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
6.1.5.Enablinglarge-scaledeployment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
6.1.6.SynergyforrealizingtheInternetofthings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
6.2.RR-WSN:systemmodel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
6.2.1.Networkdesign . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
6.2.2.Resourceattributes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
6.2.3.Representingapplications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
6.3.Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
CHAPTER7.COMPONENT-BASEDWSNS:ARESILIENTARCHITECTURE . . . . 69
7.1.Component-basedDWSNarchitecture. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
7.1.1.Networkmodel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
7.1.2.Dynamiccorenodes(DCN) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
7.1.3.Wirelessdynamiccomponents(WDC) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
7.1.4.Remotewake-up. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
7.2.WDSNinoperation:thesynergyofdynamicsensing . . . . . . . . . . 75
7.2.1.OperationofDWSN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
7.2.2.DCNinoperation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
7.2.3.WDCinoperation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
7.3.Resiliencemodel. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
7.4.Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
CHAPTER8.DYNAMICWSNS–UTILIZING UBIQUITOUSRESOURCES. . . . . . 81
8.1.Systemmodelandassumptions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
8.2.Optimalmapping. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
8.3.BIPformulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
8.4.Novelperformanceevaluationmetrics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
8.4.1.BILPsolutionusingMATLABLPtoolbox:bintprog . . . . . . . . 90
8.4.2.Amortizedfunctionalenergyimpact. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
8.5.Anoteontractability. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
8.6.Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
CHAPTER9.REALIZINGASYNERGETICWSNARCHITECTUREFOR
ALLRESOURCES. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
9.1.Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
9.2.Motivationandbackground . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
viii DynamicWirelessSensorNetworks
9.3.Systemmodel–arbitratorsforWSNswith
transientresources. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
9.4.Resourceattributes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
9.5.Transientresources–aspecialcase . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
9.5.1.Spatialproperties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
9.5.2.Temporalproperties. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
9.6.Mobilitymodels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
9.7.Usagecost. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
9.7.1.Asymptoticsigmoidalgrowth–utilizingthe
Gompertzfunction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
9.7.2.Elasticpricing–impactofscarcityonprice . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
9.8.Onmaximalmatchingandconstruedequalitybetween
resourceproviders. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
9.8.1.Systemmodel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
9.8.2.Dynamicrounds–capturingtransientresources . . . . . . . . . . . 109
9.8.3.UtilizingtheHungarianmethod . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
9.9.Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
CHAPTER10.FUTUREDIRECTIONSINSENSORNETWORKS. . . . . . . . . . . . 115
10.1.Whyapplicationsshouldnotbethesoledrive. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
10.2.Odetoformaldesignovermereanalysis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
10.3.Thecallforsynergy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
10.4.Theriseofbiosensors,nano-networksandintelligentprostheses . . . 119
10.5.Bibliography. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
INDEX. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
