DWDM Fundamentals, Components,Applications

297 Pages·2001·1.47 MB·English

DWDM Fundamentals, Components,
and Applications
DWDM Fundamentals, Components,
and Applications
Jean-Pierre Laude
Artech House
Boston (cid:149) London
www.artechhouse.com
LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData
Laude,Jean-Pierre.
DWDMfundamentals,components,andapplications/Jean-PierreLaude.
p. cm.(cid:151)(ArtechHouseoptoelectronicslibrary)
Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.
ISBN1-58053-177-6(alk.paper)
1.Wavelengthdivisionmultiplexing. 2.Opticalcommunications.
3.Light(cid:151)Wavelength. I.Title. II.Series.
TK5103.592.W38L38 2002
621.382(cid:146)7(cid:151)dc21 2001055246
BritishLibraryCataloguinginPublicationData
Laude,J.P.(Jean-Pierre)
DWDMfundamentals,components,andapplications.(cid:151)(Artech
Houseoptoelectronicslibrary)
1.Opticalcommunications 2.Multiplexing
I.Title
621.3(cid:146)827
ISBN1-58053-177-6
CoverdesignbyGaryRagaglia
'2002ARTECHHOUSE,INC.
685CantonStreet
Norwood,MA02062
Allrightsreserved.PrintedandboundintheUnitedStatesofAmerica.Nopartofthisbook
may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, in-
cludingphotocopying,recording,orbyanyinformationstorageandretrievalsystem,with-
outpermissioninwritingfromthepublisher.
Alltermsmentionedinthisbookthatareknowntobetrademarksorservicemarkshave
been appropriately capitalized. Artech House cannot attest to the accuracy of this informa-
tion.Useofaterminthisbookshouldnotberegardedasaffectingthevalidityofanytrade-
markorservicemark.
InternationalStandardBookNumber:1-58053-177-6
LibraryofCongressCatalogCardNumber:2001055246
10987654321
Contents
Preface xv
Acknowledgments xvii
1 Introduction 1
2 BasicPrinciplesandBackground 3
2.1 WavelengthDivisionMultiplexing:BasicPrinciples 3
2.2 HistoryofWDMinaFewWords 4
2.3 WDMandTimeDivisionMultiplexing 4
2.4 WavelengthDomainandSeparationBetweenChannels 5
2.5 WavelengthAllocation 7
2.6 OpticalWavelength/OpticalFrequencyConversion 7
2.7 HowManyChannels? 10
2.8 SomeDefinitions 11
v
vi DWDMFundamentals,Components,andApplications
2.8.1 Losses 11
2.8.2 Crosstalk 11
2.9 Solitons 12
2.9.1 SolitonPropagation 12
2.9.2 WDMofSolitons 13
2.9.3 Frequency-GuidingFiltering 15
2.9.4 Dispersion-ManagedSolitons 15
2.9.5 Conclusion 16
References 16
3 DenseWDMandDemultiplexers 19
3.1 PassiveComponents:TheCurrentAvailableChoice 19
3.1.1 DenseWDMsAreMakingOpticalNetwork
DesignPractical 19
3.1.2 DWDMComponentTechnologies 20
3.2 AWG 21
3.2.1 EarlierResearch 21
3.2.2 PrinciplesofAWG 21
3.2.3 Dispersion 23
3.2.4 Free-SpectralRange 23
3.2.5 FreeSpatialRangeandtheNumberofAvailable
Channels 24
3.2.6 PolarizationDependency 24
3.2.7 ThermalDrift 25
3.2.8 TypicalValues 26
3.2.9 TechnicalStateoftheArt 26
3.3 FBG 27
3.3.1 PeriodicModulationofIndexintheFiberCore 27
3.3.2 MainPropertiesofFBG 28
3.3.3 DifferentTypesofBraggGratings 30
3.3.4 DriftwithTemperature 31
Contents vii
3.3.5 TypicalSpecificationsofAvailableBraggGrating
DWDM 31
3.4 OpticalMultidielectricFilters 32
3.4.1 GeneralPrinciples 32
3.4.2 MaterialsandProcessesforEnhancedPerformances 37
3.4.3 PracticalNarrowBandpassFiltersDWDM 38
3.5 DiffractionGratings 38
3.5.1 Introduction 38
3.5.2 EfficiencyVersusWavelength 41
3.5.3 BandwidthofGratingDevices 48
3.5.4 GratingMicro-OpticDevices 59
3.5.5 ThermalDriftofGratingMicro-OpticDevices 63
3.6 CascadedMach-ZehnderInterferometers 64
3.7 OtherDevices:FBG/MZInterferometerDevices 67
3.8 MethodsforBroadeningandFlatteningtheSpectral
ShapeoftheTransmissionChannelsofGratingWDM 68
3.8.1 Introduction 68
3.8.2 Principle 69
3.8.3 ExperimentalExample 72
3.8.4 Conclusion 72
3.9 ComparisonoftheDifferentSolutions 74
3.9.1 SomeRemarks 74
3.9.2 DevicePolarizationSensitivity 75
3.9.3 Conclusion 75
References 77
4 SourcesandWavelengthConvertersforDWDM 83
4.1 Introduction 83
viii DWDMFundamentals,Components,andApplications
4.2 SemiconductorLasers 84
4.2.1 LaserMaterial 84
4.2.2 QuantumWellLasers 85
4.2.3 QuantumDotLasers 85
4.2.4 Edge-EmittingSemiconductorLasers 86
4.2.5 Vertical-CavitySurfaceEmittingLasers 92
4.2.6 WavelengthTunabilityinSemiconductorLasers 94
4.3 Glass-Doped-BasedLaserswithNarrowLine-Widths 96
4.3.1 Principle 96
4.3.2 Fiber-BasedShort-PulseLaserSources 97
4.4 SpectralSlicingofSources 98
4.4.1 Principle 98
4.4.2 TypicalExamples 98
4.4.3 CalculationofSpectralFilteringLosses 101
4.4.4 CalculationoftheSpectralFilteringLossesofReal
Systems 102
4.4.5 CombiningSpectralSlicingandTDM 104
4.4.6 SCLightwaveOpticalSources:CoherentSourcesfor
SpectrumSlicingWDM 104
4.4.7 ComparisonofDifferentTechnologies 106
4.5 WavelengthConverters 106
4.5.1 Introduction 106
4.5.2 OptoelectronicConversion 108
4.5.3 XGM 109
4.5.4 XPM 109
4.5.5 FWM 111
4.5.6 DifferenceFrequencyGeneration 112
4.5.7 StateoftheArtinWavelengthConversionin2001 113
References 113
Contents ix
5 WDMandOpticalAmplification 125
5.1 Introduction 125
5.2 SOAs 125
5.2.1 Introduction 125
5.2.2 FP(cid:150)TypeAmplifiers 126
5.2.3 TWAs 127
5.2.4 ModernDevices 127
5.3 BrillouinScatteringAmplifiers 128
5.4 RamanScatteringAmplifiers 128
5.5 RareEarth-DopedFiberOpticAmplifiers 129
5.5.1 Introduction 129
5.5.2 FundamentalsofEDFAs 129
5.5.3 GainBand 132
5.5.4 HistoricalNotesonAmplificationinWDM
Transmission 134
5.5.5 AdvantagesandDrawbacksofEDFAs 135
5.6 OpticalSignal-to-NoiseRatioofErbium-Doped
FiberandHybridRaman/Erbium-DopedFiber
AmplifierTransmissions 136
5.7 Erbium-DopedPlanarWaveguides 139
5.8 DistributedOpticalAmplification 140
5.9 ComparisonofSomeTypicalCharacteristicsofthe
MainOpticalAmplifiers 140
References 141
6 Routers,Cross-Connects,andAdd/Drops 147
6.1 Introduction 147
x DWDMFundamentals,Components,andApplications
6.1.1 ConnectionsinWDMNetworks 147
6.1.2 TopologicalConfigurations 148
6.1.3 AnIndustrialPointofViewonIPTransport
Networks 151
6.1.4 Switching,Routing,andProcessingofSignalsinthe
OpticalDomain 152
6.2 WavelengthConversion 153
6.2.1 Introduction 153
6.2.2 InfluenceofWavelengthConversiononNetwork
Performances 154
6.3 NetworkArchitectureClassification 154
6.3.1 BroadcastandSelectNetworks 155
6.3.2 WavelengthRoutedNetworks 155
6.3.3 LinearLightwaveNetworks 155
6.3.4 LogicallyRoutedNetwork 155
6.3.5 MultigranularityCross-ConnectArchitecture 156
6.4 SomeDefinitionsUsedforInterconnection
PerformanceCharacterization 157
6.4.1 Bandwidth,EffectiveBandwidth,Aggregate
Bandwidth 157
6.4.2 SignalingRate 157
6.4.3 Latency 157
6.5 InteroperabilityinOpticalRoutedDWDM
Networks 158
6.6 SpaceSwitches 158
6.6.1 CrossbarSwitches 159
6.6.2 Routers/SelectorsSwitchesandBenesSwitches 159
6.6.3 EnablingTechnologies 161
6.7 PassiveWavelengthRouter 169
6.7.1 NodewithInterconnectedDemultiplexer/
Multiplexers 169
Contents xi
6.7.2 StaticGratingRouters 172
6.8 OpticalCross-Connector 184
6.8.1 WSXC 184
6.8.2 Cross-ConnectwithWavelengthConversion 190
6.8.3 Layered-SwitchArchitecture 196
6.9 OADMs 198
6.9.1 Introduction 198
6.9.2 OADMwithFBGsandCirculators 200
6.9.3 Acousto-OpticAdd/Drop 201
6.9.4 Add/DropwithAWG 202
6.9.5 Add/DropwithFree-SpaceGratingSolutions 203
6.9.6 TunabilityofOADM 203
6.9.7 CascadingofOADM 204
6.9.8 OpticalTimeDivisionMultiplexingAdd/Drop 205
References 205
7 WDMLimitsCausedbyOpticalNonlinearitiesin
OpticalFibers 221
7.1 Introduction 221
7.2 SPM 222
7.3 XPM 225
7.3.1 InterchannelXPM 225
7.3.2 IntrachannelCross-PhaseModulation 225
7.3.3 NonlinearChannelDepolarizationThroughXPM 226
7.4 FWM 227
7.4.1 InterchannelFWM 227
7.4.2 IntrachannelFWM 230
7.5 SBS 231