Dusan Losic Abel Santos Editors Fabrication, Structure, Properties and Applications

371 Pages·2015·12.78 MB·English

Springer Series in Materials Science 219
Dusan Losic
Abel Santos E ditors
Nanoporous
Alumina
Fabrication, Structure, Properties and
Applications
Springer Series in Materials Science
Volume 219
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Dusan Losic Abel Santos
(cid:129)
Editors
Nanoporous Alumina
Fabrication, Structure, Properties
and Applications
123
Editors
Dusan Losic AbelSantos
Schoolof Chemical Engineering Schoolof Chemical Engineering
TheUniversity of Adelaide TheUniversity of Adelaide
Adelaide, SA Adelaide, SA
Australia Australia
ISSN 0933-033X ISSN 2196-2812 (electronic)
SpringerSeries inMaterials Science
ISBN978-3-319-20333-1 ISBN978-3-319-20334-8 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-20334-8
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Preface
Written by an outstanding group of experts in the field, this book presents an
excitingandfreshcompilationofthelastadvancesanddevelopmentsinoneofthe
most popular nanostructured materials, nanoporous anodic alumina. The electro-
chemical and synthetic methods, as well as characterization techniques and
applications will be discussed in detail throughout this book.
Nanoporous anodic alumina was discovered during the first decades of the
twentiethcenturyandwidelyusedinindustryforcorrosionprotection,carindustry,
and metal decoration purposes for almost a century. The advent of high resolution
scanning electron microscopy and other surface characterization techniques
revealed the unique structural properties of this nanomaterial, which after a short
time became one of the most explored nanostructures across a broad range of
disciplines and fields. As an example, more than 3000 journal papers on nano-
porous anodic alumina were published in last 20 years. This intensive research
work can be explained by its simplicity of fabrication, unique self-ordered nano-
porous structure, and a plethora of outstanding properties, which have spread the
useofnanoporousanodicaluminainabroadrangeofapplicationsanddisciplines,
including optics and photonics, electronics, membrane science, fundamental
research, materials science, engineering, medicine, and industry.
The aim of this book is to present the recent progress in nanoporous anodic
alumina, with special focus on the understanding of its properties, preparation
methods, structural engineering, and applications. The book covers selected topics
with 11 Chapters that we believe will be the most significant contribution to this
emerging and fast developing field.
Chapter 1 presents the mechanisms of nanoporous alumina formation and
self-organized growth, with special focus on the different concepts and aspects
involved in this unresolved process. A more detailed insight into the theoretical
modelsdescribingthiselectrochemicalprocessispresentedinChap.2.Chapter3is
devoted to the synthesis of nanoporous anodic alumina by electrochemical anod-
ization of low purity aluminum substrates, which is a critical factor for spreading
the use of this nanomaterial in industrial applications. Chapter 4 compiles an out-
standing insight into the different electrochemical approaches used to tailor the
v
vi Preface
internal pore structure of nanoporous anodic alumina. The applicability of this
nanomaterial is highly dependent on its surface chemistry. In that respect, Chap. 5
presents the different soft and hard modifications of nanoporous anodic alumina
aimed to improve its chemical and physical properties. The fundamental aspects
of the optical properties of nanoporous anodic alumina are shown in Chap. 6 and
Chap. 7 compiles a variety of examples of applicability of nanoporous anodic
alumina as optical biosensing platform, which is recognized as one of the most
promising applications for this nanomaterial. Chapter 8 is devoted to optofluidic
applications using nanoporous anodic alumina. The applicability of this nanoma-
terial as a platform to develop electrochemical sensors, which is a very promising
area to develop cost-competitive and simple devices for point-of-care biomedical
and environmental analysis, is presented in detail in Chap. 9.
Another exciting topic on the application of nanoporous anodic alumina is
presentedinChap.10,wherenanoporousaluminamembranes forchromatography
andmoleculartransportingarepresented.Finally,Chap.11presentsthemostrecent
advancesintheuseofnanoporousanodicaluminafordrugdeliveryandbiomedical
applications. This chapter shows new concepts and future perspectives towards
advanced medical therapies including orthopedic and dental implants,
heart/coronary/vasculature stents, immunoisolation, skin healing, tissue engineer-
ing, and cell culture.
As a result of the highly interdisciplinary nature of this book, it should be of
profound and immediate interest for a broad audience, including undergraduate
students,academicsandindustrialscientistsandengineersacrossmanydisciplines,
ranging from physics, chemistry, engineering, materials science, bioengineering,
and medicine. We believe that this book will also be valuable to many entrepre-
neurial and business people, who are in the process of trying to better understand
and valuate nanotechnology and new nanomaterials for future high-tech emerging
applications and disrupting industries.
Adelaide, Australia Dusan Losic
Abel Santos
Contents
1 Mechanisms of Nanoporous Alumina Formation
and Self-organized Growth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Zhiyuan Ling and Yi Li
1.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.2 Types of Anodic Aluminum Oxides (AAO) Membranes. . . . . 2
1.2.1 Nonporous AAO Membranes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.2.2 Porous AAO Membranes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.3 Unit Cell Structure of Porous AAO Membranes . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.3.1 Unit Cell Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.3.2 Chemical Composition of Unit Cell. . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
1.4 Chemical Reactions During the Steady-State Growth
of Porous AAO Membranes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
1.5 Steady-State Anodization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
1.5.1 Mild Anodization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
1.5.2 Hard Anodization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
1.5.3 The Maximum Anodization Voltage
and the Breakdown Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
1.6 Unsteady-State Anodization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
1.6.1 Rule of Branched Channel Growth . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
1.6.2 Competitive Growth Process. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
1.7 Microstructural Morphologies of Porous AAO . . . . . . . . . . . 24
1.8 Conclusion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
2 Theoretical Pore Growth Models for Nanoporous Alumina. . . . . . 31
Chuan Cheng and A.H.W. Ngan
2.1 Introduction of Nanoporous Alumina. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
2.2 Review of Pore Growth Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
2.2.1 Electric Field Assisted Pore Growth. . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
2.2.2 Mechanical Stress Assisted Pore Growth . . . . . . . . . 37
vii
viii Contents
2.3 A Kinetics Model for Pore Channel Growth
in Nanoporous Alumina. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
2.3.1 Electric Potential Distribution Within AAO . . . . . . . 39
2.3.2 Ion Migration. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
2.3.3 Interface Movement Equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
2.4 Simulation Results and Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
2.5 Outlook. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
2.6 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
3 Synthesis of Nanoporous Anodic Alumina by Anodic Oxidation
of Low Purity Aluminum Substrates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
Leszek Zaraska, Ewa Wierzbicka, Elżbieta Kurowska-Tabor
and Grzegorz D. Sulka
3.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
3.2 Synthesis of Porous Alumina on Low Purity Al Substrates. . . 65
3.2.1 Al Substrate Pre-treatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
3.2.2 Anodic Alumina Growth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
3.3 Practical Applications of AAO
from Low Purity Substrates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
3.3.1 Template-Assisted Fabrication
of Nanowire Arrays. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
3.3.2 Nanoporous Capsules for Biofiltration
and Drug Delivery. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
3.3.3 Coloring of the Anodic Film. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
3.3.4 Catalyst Supports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
3.3.5 Fabrication of Superhydrophobic Surfaces . . . . . . . . 98
3.3.6 Large Scale Fabrication of Nanostructured
Low-Cost Aluminum Foil. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
4 Structural Engineering of Porous Anodic Aluminum Oxide
(AAO) and Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
Woo Lee
4.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
4.2 Structure of Porous Anodic Aluminum Oxide (AAO)
and Its Formation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
4.3 Self-ordered Porous Anodic Aluminum Oxide (AAO) . . . . . . 112
4.3.1 Mild Anodization (MA). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
4.3.2 Hard Anodization (HA) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
Contents ix
4.4 Structural Engineering of Porous AAO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
4.4.1 Microstructuring of Porous AAO. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
4.4.2 Control of the Arrangement and Shape
of the Pores . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
4.4.3 Engineering of the Internal Pore Structure . . . . . . . . 121
4.5 Concluding Remarks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
5 Soft and Hard Surface Manipulation of Nanoporous Anodic
Aluminum Oxide (AAO). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
Abdul Mutalib Md Jani, Hanani Yazid, Anisah Shafiqah Habiballah,
Abdul Hadi Mahmud and Dusan Losic
5.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
5.1.1 Soft Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156
5.1.2 Hard Modifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
5.2 Concluding Remarks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
6 Optical Properties of Nanoporous Anodic Alumina
and Derived Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185
Josep Ferré-Borrull, Elisabet Xifré-Pérez, Josep Pallarès
and Lluis F. Marsal
6.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185
6.2 Interaction of Light with Porous Anodic Aluminum Oxide. . . 186
6.2.1 Anodic Aluminum Oxide: The Host Material . . . . . . 186
6.2.2 Porous Anodic Aluminum Oxide
as an Effective Medium. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188
6.2.3 Photonic Properties: Interaction of Light
with p-AAO Nanostructure. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192
6.3 Applications Based on the Optical Properties
of Porous Anodic Aluminum Oxide. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197
6.3.1 Waveguides Based on Porous Anodic
Aluminum Oxide. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198
6.3.2 Porous Anodic Aluminum Oxide
for Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy
Applications. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200
6.3.3 Reflection Interference Spectroscopy . . . . . . . . . . . . 200
6.3.4 Photoluminescence-Based Applications
of Porous Anodic Aluminum Oxide. . . . . . . . . . . . . 203
6.3.5 Porous Anodic Aluminum Oxide
in Photon-Energy Conversion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206
6.3.6 Alternative Applications. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207
6.4 Concluding Remarks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210