Table Of ContentErnesto U. Savona · Mark A.R. Kleiman
Francesco Calderoni E ditors
Dual
Markets
Comparative Approaches to
Regulation
Dual Markets
Ernesto U. Savona • Mark A.R. Kleiman
Francesco Calderoni
Editors
Dual Markets
Comparative Approaches to Regulation
Editors
Ernesto U. Savona Mark A.R. Kleiman
Transcrime Marron Institute of Urban Management
Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore New York University
Milan, Italy New York, NY, USA
Francesco Calderoni
Transcrime
Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore
Milan, Italy
ISBN 978-3-319-65360-0 ISBN 978-3-319-65361-7 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-65361-7
Library of Congress Control Number: 2017955079
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Acknowledgments
This book originates from the research project titled “The Balanced Recipe”. For
over a year, the editors, the authors, the referees, and all the persons involved have
been preparing, discussing, and integrating their work, which focused on those mar-
kets of goods and services in which a licit and an illicit dimension coexists. The
common theoretical input was the analysis of policies that could provide a balanced
recipe between beneficial effects, such as the protection of health, and detrimental
externalities, such as surge in crime. A face-to-face debate took place, thanks to a
workshop in Milan, where the editors and the authors could further discuss and
revise each other’s work. The results of the project led to the writing of this book,
titled Dual Markets: Comparative Approaches for Regulation, thanks to the work of
the many people involved.
The director of the project and the editors of this book are grateful to all the con-
tributors for their professionalism, dedication, and patience in responding to the
original proposals and suffering, sometimes, over the revisions requested by anony-
mous reviewers – whom we also want to acknowledge here – and also for their
work. The editors are also grateful to all Transcrime staff for their valuable work in
the project. In particular, our sincere thanks go to Alberto Aziani, with whom the
editors discussed the first draft of the project and its development up to and includ-
ing this book. Valentina Calcagno and Martina Marchesi, at first as students and
now as professionals and researchers at Transcrime, have spent their time organiz-
ing with us all the many tasks in this project. Martina has grown through this project
and deserves our deepest gratitude for the project’s conclusion, which is the produc-
tion of this book. Thanks also go, as always, to Katherine Chabalko for her long-
standing cooperation, to all the Springer staff for their assistance during the book
production.
Last but not least, thanks go to Philip Morris International for, along with
Università Cattolica in Milan, co-funding the original project that led to the writing
of this book. Transcrime-Università Cattolica and the project’s director Professor
v
vi Acknowledgments
Ernesto Savona are also acknowledged for retaining full control and for standing as
guarantors for the independence of the research and its results, including this book,
its topics, the authors, the reviewers, and the publisher. No information regarding
the project and this book has been shared with PMI.
Milan and New York, June 30, 2017 Ernesto U. Savona
Mark A.R. Kleiman
Francesco Calderoni
Contents
Part I Drugs
1 Pre-Hague History of Opiates Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Daniel Berg
2 The Current State of the World Heroin Markets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Peter Meylakhs
3 P rescription Opiates and Opioid Abuse: Regulatory Efforts
to Limit Diversion From Medical Markets to Black Markets
in the United States . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
David Powell and Rosalie Liccardo Pacula
4 T he First Era of Cocaine Abuse and Control, 1884–1930 . . . . . . . . . . 55
Joseph F. Spillane
5 I nternational Drug Conventions, Balanced Policy Recipes,
and Latin American Cocaine Markets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
Francisco E. Thoumi
6 Methamphetamine and Precursor Laws in the United States . . . . . . 93
William Garriott
7 Marijuana Regulation in the United States . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
Sam Kamin
8 Decriminalization: Different Models in Portugal and Spain . . . . . . . 121
Jorge Quintas and Xabier Arana
9 The Dutch Model of Cannabis Decriminalization
and Tolerated Retail . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
Tim Boekhout van Solinge
10 Legislative Measures’ Impact on the New Psychoactive
Substances Market . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
Maurits T. Beltgens
vii
viii Contents
11 Comparing Policies Across US Drug Markets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
Angela Hawken
Part II Alcohol and Tobacco
12 The Russian Vodka Prohibition of 1914 and Its Consequences . . . . . 193
Patricia Herlihy
13 A lcohol Prohibition in the United States, 1920–1933,
and Its Legacies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207
Lisa McGirr
14 D odging the Bullet: Alcohol-Control Policy in Sweden . . . . . . . . . . . . 221
Mark L. Schrad
15 I celand’s Peculiar Beer Ban, 1915–1989 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237
Helgi Gunnlaugsson
16 C igarette Taxation, Regulation, and Illicit Trade in
the United States . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249
Jonathan Kulick
17 P rice and Non-price Determinants of the Illicit Cigarette
Trade: Analysis at the Subnational Level in the EU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267
Francesco Calderoni, Marco Dugato, Virginia Aglietti,
Alberto Aziani, and Martina Rotondi
18 Regulation of E-Cigarettes in the United States . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287
Azim Chowdhury
Part III Controversial Services
19 Creating Legal Versus Illegal Gambling Businesses: How
Proper Government Regulation Makes a Difference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305
Jay S. Albanese
20 Problem Gambling, Mental Health, Alcohol and Drug
Abuse: Effects on Crime . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 321
Earl L. Grinols
21 The US Experience with Sports Betting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 331
Brad R. Humphreys
22 Outside of the United States: The Worldwide Availability
of Sports Betting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 343
Levi Pérez
23 The Swedish Prostitution Policy in Context . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 353
Charlotta Holmström and May-Len Skilbrei
24 Legal Prostitution: The German and Dutch Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 365
Ronald Weitzer
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 387
Contributors
Virginia Aglietti Department of Statistics, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
Jay S. Albanese Wilder School of Government & Public Affairs, Virginia
Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
Xabier Arana Basque Institute of Criminology (IVAC-KREI), University of the
Basque Country (UPV-EHU), San Sebastián, Spain
Alberto Aziani Transcrime – Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Milan, Italy
Maurits T. Beltgens Department of Criminology, University of Leicester,
Leicester, UK
Daniel Berg Department of Economic History, Stockholm University, Stockholm,
Sweden
Francesco Calderoni Transcrime – Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Milan,
Italy
Azim Chowdhury Food, Tobacco and E-Vapor Law Partner, Keller and Heckman
LLP, Washington, DC, USA
Marco Dugato Transcrime – Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Milan, Italy
William Garriott Law, Politics, and Society Program, Drake University, Des
Moines, IA, USA
Earl L. Grinols Department of Economics, Hankamer School of Business, Baylor
University, Waco, TX, USA
Helgi Gunnlaugsson University of Iceland, Faculty of Social and Human Sciences,
Reykjavík, Iceland
Angela Hawken Marron Institute of Urban Management, New York University,
New York, NY, USA
ix
x Contributors
Patricia Herlihy Department of History and Watson Institute for International and
Political Affairs, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
Charlotta Holmström Department of Social Work, Malmö University, Malmö,
Sweden
Brad R. Humphreys Department of Economics, West Virginia University,
Morgantown, WV, USA
Sam Kamin Sturm College of Law, University of Denver, Denver, CO, USA
Jonathan Kulick Marron Institute of Urban Management, New York University,
New York, NY, USA
Lisa McGirr Department of History, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
Peter Meylakhs Centre for Health Economics, Management, and Policy, National
Research University Higher School of Economics, St. Petersburg, Russia
Rosalie Liccardo Pacula Drug Policy Research Center, RAND Corporation,
Santa Monica, CA, USA
David Powell RAND Corporation, Santa Monica, CA, USA
Levi Pérez Department of Economics, University of Oviedo, Gijón, Spain
Jorge Quintas CJS – Crime, Justice and Security, Interdisciplinary Research
Centre, Criminology School, Faculty of Law, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
Martina Rotondi Transcrime – Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Milan, Italy
Mark L. Schrad Department of Political Science, Villanova University, Villanova,
PA, USA
May-Len Skilbrei Department of Criminology and Sociology of Law, University
of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
Joseph F. Spillane Department of History, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences,
University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
Francisco E. Thoumi International Narcotics Control Board (INCB), Vienna
International Centre, Vienna, Austria
Tim Boekhout van Solinge Independent Criminological Consultant, Amsterdam,
The Netherlands
Ronald Weitzer Department of Sociology, George Washington University,
Washington, DC, USA
