DTIC ADA458047: Air Threat Assessment: Research, Model, and Display Guidelines

16 Pages·0.5 MB·English

by  Defense Technical Information Center

Air Threat Assessment: Research, Model, and Display Guidelines
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sihT repap ylfeirb sweiver a seires fo seiduts ,rebahbeiL[ ;9991 ,rebahbeiL )0002 tahterew
nekatrednu ot etagitsevni eht ecitcarp fo .S.U yvaN ria taerht ,tnemssessa sebircsed a ledomfo
taerht tnemssessa taht saw detaerc morf eht hcraeser ,atad dna sesoporp senilediug rof ataerht
tnemssessa yalpsid nihtiw eht txetnoc fo na ria esnefed noisiced troppus metsys .)SSD(ehT
seiduts dedivorp a laciteroeht dna deilppa sisab rof taerht tnemssessa yb gninifed cificeps-euc
atad spihsnoitaler dna gniliated eht evitingoc sessecorp devlovni ni ria esnefed noitautis
.tnemssessa esohT sessecorp erew detaroprocni otni a desoporp ledom fo taerht tnemssessataht
saw yllufsseccus detadilav tsniaga taerht sgnitar morf decneirepxe ria esnefed noisiced.srekam
esehT ,atad denibmoc htiw reilrae krow no SSD secafretni ,relliM[ ;2991 ,lemmuR ]5991dna
tsnneociesrsu chstiidw ria es n,esfreedcif feorew desu ot p osleenvieldedi urg ogfniyaltpaseirdht
assessment data.
1.0 Introduction
riA esnefed gnikam-noisiced si a xelpmoc ksat dehsilpmocca yb a maet fo ylhgihdelliks
.lennosrep taerhT tnemssessa si a ,latnemadnuf tub ylroop ,dootsrednu tnenopmoc ni taht
gnikam-noisiced .ssecorp ,revewoH tnecer evitingoc sisylana fo ria taerht tnemssessa ,.g.e(
,rebahbeiL ;9991 ,rebahbeiL ,)0002 denibmoc htiw snoisulcnoc morf reilrae krow ,.g.e(,relliM
;2991 ,lemmuR ,)5991 sah dedivorp emos thgisni otni eht atad dna sessecorp desu yb
decneire prxiea e s,nleefnendosr edpna delbane ethntempolev efdo a t atenremhmhtstsiersosgala
dna a tes fo ecafretni .senilediug sihT repap sezirammus eht yek sgnidnif morf tnecer seidutsfo
.S.U yvaN ria taerht ,tnemssessa ylfeirb sebircsed a taerht tnemssessa ledom taht sawdetaerc
mor f hec hr,t aasetes an esdidr elnrseaoodfpiour g pt y naa neltimpahssets irieedhtwshtxsteatnoc
fo na ria esnefed noisiced troppus metsys .)SSD( ehT slaog fo siht margorp fo hcraeser erewot
dnatsrednu eht tnemssessa ssecorp ni redro ot tneserp tnemssessa troppus noitamrofni ot ehtresu
ni a tamrof taht seziminim yna sehctamsim neewteb eht evitingoc scitsiretcarahc fo ehtnamuh
noi srieckeadm dna eht.SSD
tnem s tsgaenes irs1dhA.nT1at srednU
riA esn egfneidkam-noisiced sah ereves ylbis s)ocpi(hpo rstescanteaucqesnoc rofsrorre . tIsi
a d exhesl i pklymspboamctocc aa mae t. lnf eooydn ilen s thlotelaglsIrariiritghkeunespqetemnri
fo atad morf ynam .secruos tahT noitargetni seriuqer a hgih level fo lacitcat ,esitrepxegnidulcni

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.0500-D-99
1
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does not display a currently valid OMB control number.
1. REPORT DATE 3. DATES COVERED
2002 2. REPORT TYPE 00-00-2002 to 00-00-2002
4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE 5a. CONTRACT NUMBER
Air Threat Assessment: Research, Model, and Display Guidelines
5b. GRANT NUMBER
5c. PROGRAM ELEMENT NUMBER
6. AUTHOR(S) 5d. PROJECT NUMBER
5e. TASK NUMBER
5f. WORK UNIT NUMBER
7. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) 8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION
Space and Naval Warfare Systems Center, San Diego,Bldg. A33, Room REPORT NUMBER
1401,San Diego,CA,92152-5143
9. SPONSORING/MONITORING AGENCY NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) 10. SPONSOR/MONITOR’S ACRONYM(S)
11. SPONSOR/MONITOR’S REPORT
NUMBER(S)
12. DISTRIBUTION/AVAILABILITY STATEMENT
Approved for public release; distribution unlimited
13. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
The original document contains color images.
14. ABSTRACT
15. SUBJECT TERMS
16. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF: 17. LIMITATION OF 18. NUMBER 19a. NAME OF
ABSTRACT OF PAGES RESPONSIBLE PERSON

a. REPORT b. ABSTRACT c. THIS PAGE 15
unclassified unclassified unclassified
Standard Form 298 (Rev. 8-98)
Prescribed by ANSI Std Z39-18
egdelwonk fo eht sepyt fo ,staerht s’pihs ,noissim yvaN ,enirtcod dna tnemssessa scitsiruehtliub
.ecn emiorrefpxe
evitin gyotCixelpmoc si decudortni yb eht gnik ssattn-eimtelruimuqer fo eht ksat,sremlahC[
riA--]8991 esnefed lennosrep era netfo degagne ni gnitepmoc .sksat nI noitidda ot gnieb
elbisnopser rof lla tfarcria ni rieht ecnallievrus ,aera maet srebmem tsum niatniam ssenerawafo
elbaliava ,secruoser rotinom oidua dna labrev ,segassem dna eraperp noitautis .stroper oT
etacilpmoc srettam ,rehtruf a lacipyt tabmoC noitamrofnI retneC )CIC( sah revo 02 selosnocdna
pu ot 8 ecafretni stamrof ,snoyL[ ,]0002 dna lacitirc atad era yllaunam dedrocer no adraobetihw
ro .dapeton nI siht ,tnemnorivne ti nac eb tluciffid rof riA esnefed maet srebmem ot ecitonro
yfitnedi yek seceip fo noitamrofni taht yam elbane meht ot retteb dnatsrednu eht lacitcat
.noitautis euD ot eht ,gniksat-itlum ,opmet noitargetni ,sdnamed dna mret-trohs yromem
,stnemeriuqer eht ksat fo eht ria esnefed noisiced rekam nac eb deziretcarahc saylevitingoc
.,s snygn o l noeird beiistenrlimgtridaeaseniodndusredwnunsotlnouupxloceachc
sme ttsryo SpnpouiS s si riceosevfa DiBgt ni 2ina.dg1io vCorP
cigar Tstnedicni ni eht etal ,s0891 hcus sa eht SSU sen nyelctn cigeVnriryofcintinedi a-non
taerht sa a ,taerht dna eht SSU kratS gniliaf ot yfitnedi a taerht ,snihctuH[ ,]6991 edamnoisiced
troppus seussi a teelf .ytiroirp ,revewoH eht taerht tnemssessa ,ssecorp sa ti derrucco nieht
,t nleamnn oosiratiwavrnee ptoon dloloetws r. e dndreonotiu nsgeinmciuedcDioa dsaw tondesab
no evitingoc gnikam-noisiced ,hcraeser dna syalpsid fo taht doirep erew etauqedani rof
gnitargetni dna gniyevnoc lacitcat .noitamrofni ,eroferehT eht lacitcaT noisiceD gnikaMrednU
ssertS )SUMDAT( margorp saw nugeb ot etaulave noisiceD troppuS metsyS )SSD(yalpsid
stpecnoc devired morf tnerruc evitingoc ,yroeht tsom ylbaton citsilarutaN noisiceDgnikaM
,kobmasZ[ .]7991 A epytotorp SSD saw depoleved dna detset ,ylleK[ .]6991 ehT SSDsaw
dengised ot troppus eht evitingoc seigetarts fo lacitcat noisiced srekam gnitarepo niylhgih
,xelpmoc decap-tsaf larottil .stnemnorivne ehT SSD detnemgua lanoitidart syalpsid htiw
la nnooiittiadmdraofn idna dezinagro eh tnoitamrofni ot troppus eht noisi csemdelborp tlaedhtiw
yb eht ,rednammoc gnidivorp mih htiw noisiced troppus sloot taht detatilicaf ,deliated teydipar
sesylana fo lacitcat .atad eeS snihctuH ,}6991{ lemmuR ,]5991[ dna nosirroM ]0002[ rof
sweiver fo eht.SSD
enO tnenopmoc fo retal snoisrev fo eht SSD saw dellac eht sisaB rof tnemssessA)AFB(
.loot tI saw a noitces fo eht SSD yalpsid taht d edseatbr-onpopi uttsaanear lh,pttxneemssessa nia
rraelnin maod imtens botita rg hyd,scnetbn] rsii a8goentm8ntdns e9iaeayt1drPHbs[ieyvpsoorp
htiw a deliated tsil fo ecnedive rof dna tsniaga eht tnerruc tnemssessa fo eht detceleskcart
tfarcria( radar .)tcatnoc ehT yalpsid saw dengised ot tneserp eht tnaveler atad yrassecen rofa
rednammoc ot etaulave lla ylekil snoitanalpxe rof tahw a tegrat thgim ,eb dna tahw ti thgimeb
.gniod stI esoprup saw ot ecuder eht doohilekil fo ylnekatsim gnizirogetac-sim dnagnigagne
yldneirf ro lartuen skcart[ ,nosirroM7991 .] elihW eht SSD sa a elohw saw ,lufsseccus erehtsaw
laminim laciteroeht dna deilppa noitagitsevni fo eht taerht tnemssessa .stpecnoc kcabdeeFmorf
decneirepxe yvaN lennosrep detacidni taht eht AFB loot dedeen lareves ngisedstnemevorpmi
dniheb eht .ecafretni ehT detamo tmuhatirogla rof gnissessa dna knar gniredro hgih taerhtskcart
saw demeed ot eb ylrevo .citsilpmis A seires fo AFB seiduts saw detaitini ot niag aretteb
gnidnatsrednu fo eht namuh taerht tnemssessa ,ssecorp dna ot poleved smhtirogla dnasyalpsid
.ssecor ptah tdetcelfe rrette btaht
2
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A evissergorp seires fo htped-ni seiduts erew detcudnoc ot yfitnedi eht seuc osla( derreferot
sa ,atad ,setubirtta ro )scitsiretcarahc taht decneirepxe ria esnefed lennosrep esu ot etaulaveeht
level fo taerht desop yb a ralucitrap ,tfarcria yficeps eht ecnednopserroc neewteb tfarcria
sroivaheb dna taerht ,sgnitar enimreted woh ria esnefed lennosrep ngissa a taerht ,gnitardna
etaulave eht tcapmi fo hcae rotcaf no taerht .gnitar hcraeseR sdohtem dedulcniegdelwonk
gnireenigne dna evitingoc ksat sisylana ,rebahbeiL[ ,]9991 stnemirepxe ,rebahbeiL[ ,]0002dna
evitingoc gniledom ,rebahbeiL( .)1002 hcraeseR stnapicitrap erew .S.U yvaN lennosrep htiwna
egareva fo 3 ½ sraey fo ecneire paxees-ta ni eno ro erom ria esnefed )DA( selor nihtiw nasigeA
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deifitnedi dna deiduts seuc nihtiw eht txetnoc fo ria esnefed .gnikam-noisiced ,revewoHruo
erom tnecer seires fo seiduts deifitnedi a evisneherpmoc tes fo ,seuc dehsilbatse ehtgnippam
neewteb cificeps tfarcria sroivaheb dna taerht ,sgnitar dna denimreted eht tceffe fognitcilfnoc
atad no taerht .gnitar nI ,noitidda ruo seiduts deiler ylevisulcxe no .S.U yvaN lennosrep ohwdah
ria esnefed ecneirepxe gnirud eno ro erom sruot .aes-ta sgnidniF taht era tnenitrep ot eht
tnempoleved fo eht taerht tnemssessa mhtirogla dna yalpsid era ylfeirb derevoc .ereh eeS
. ]l , 0 irhse0d,aotur0nrtfibo2aeemom[b dSK a] rh9 dheb9dntbe9naiai1amhL[SbeiL
tnems s1sdte.ee as2usnesCUIrAhT
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ssessa .tfarcria erehT saw emos palrevo neewteb eht 81 seuc dna eht seuc detroper ybrelliM
.]2991[ euC sthgiew erew detaluclac morf rieht ycneuqerf fo esu dna noitisop ni ehtecneuqes
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.ssecorp ehT seuc era detsil ni xidneppA .A xiS lacitirc seuc erew deifitnedi desab norieht
evitaler .sthgiew yehT ,erew ni redro fo :ecnatropmi ,nigirO FFI ,edoM ecnegilletnI,tropeR
,edutitlA ytimixorP ot na ,enalriA dna MSE radaR( .)erutangiS ehT epyt dna rebmun foseuc
desu yb stnapicitrap dedneped yliramirp no eht epyt fo tfarcria taht yeht thguoht yehterew
.gnitaulave roF ,elpmaxe stnapicitrap ni rebahbeiL dna htimS ]9991[ esohc eno tes fo seucot
etaulave nehw yeht thguoht a kcart saw a laicremmoc tfarcria ,)RIAMOC( dna a ,tnereffidtub
,gnippalrevo tes fo seuc nehw yeht thguoht a kcart saw a lacitcat yratilim tfarcria.)RIACAT(
ese hs.Ttse esedtreaellwepbmaelt
sse ctonrePms s2 e.ts2a s eAerhhTT
stluseR detacidni taht decneirepxe DA maet srebmem detalumrof a sisehtopyh tuobaeht
tnerruc kcart ,.e.i( detavitca a etalpmet ro amehcs taht dednopserroc ot a ralucitrap epytfo
,)tfarcria detaulave ehtecnedive (i.e., cues) , dna neht detareneg a elbisualp tnemssessa desabno
eht troppus ro noitcidartnoc fo ehtatad . sihT gnidnif si tnetsisnoc htiw emos fo ehtsnoisulcnoc
taht werg tuo fo eht SUMDAT margorp[ ,nosirroM0002 .] ehT setalpmet deniatnoc stes foseuc
htiw detcepxe atad seulav ,.e.i( ,)sroivaheb dna a enilesab taerht gnitar taht saw tnetsisnoc htiwa
ralucitrap epyt fo tfarcria ,.g.e( laicremmoc .)renilria stnapicitraP deraeppa ot etaulave seuc nia
ylevitaler dexif .ecneuqes ,revewoH ereht saw ecnedive taht seuc erew dessecorp ni stesro
sknuhc ,.e.i( nigirO & FFI ,edoM neht ,letnI ,edutitlA & ,enalriA dna neht .)MSEnoitaulavE
3
redro saw desab no eht thgiew ro ecnatropmi fo hcae .euc ylivaeH dethgiew seuc erewdetaulave
reilrae naht wol dethgiew .seuc deviecreP taerht sgnitar erew yltcerid detaler ot eht eerged fotif
fo tfarcria atad ot nevird-etalpmet ;snoitatcepxe tfarcria taht retteb tif eht detcepxesroivaheb
erew dengissa a rewol taerht .gnitar erehT saw ton yna ecnedive taht stnapicitrapdehctiws
setalpmet ni eht ecaf fo gnitcilfnoc .atad ,daetsnI yeht detadommocca gnitcilfnoc atad otnirieht
evitca .etalpmet ,yllaniF stnapicitrap deraeppa ot eb decneulfni yb cificeps seuc rehtar nahteht
llarevo nrettap fo .atad roF ,elpmaxe stnapicitrap erew ylekil ot egnahc taerht sgnitar fi ylnoeno
fo eht hgih dethgiew seuc ,.e.i( eno fo eht tsrif xis )seuc deniatnoc atad taht detcilfnoc htiwrieht
snoitatc erpoxfe eht.tfarcria
0.3 ttaneermhsTsleesdsoAM
nA weivrevo fo eht desoporp taer httnemssess aledom desab no eht evoba sgnidnif sinwohs
ni erugiF .1 ehT ssecorp fo taerht tnemssessa si deniatnoc nihtiw eht etalimissA riAerafraW
Data .ssecorp ehT ledom stpmetta ot yletarucca etaroprocni eht evitingoc sessecorp tahtera
dewollof yb decneirepxe ria esnefed .lennosrep tI si ton dednetni ot eb eht tsomyllanoitatupmoc
tneiciffe ,dohtem ro ot mrofnoc ot yna yltnerru cdebircserp dohtem rof tfar cnroiiatacifitnedidna
.tn etm Isds e etmssaui shsteateuhrptp tfuoo e lhset ddo eotse m nsfgnhieno cciiauokssraipmced
sa esoht debircsed yb yelsdnE ]5991[ ro nielK .]3991[ sA ,hcus eht desoporp ledomyam
dnopserroc ot eht ylrae segats fo noitautis ssenerawa devlovni htiw gniviecrep dna
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erugi Ft.n 1etlmaesedsroehMsTsA
4
noitamrofnI wolf hguorht eht ledom snigeb htiw eht noitcurtsnoc fo a .etalpmetsworrA
etacidni eht noitcerid fo atad .wolf dehsaD senil era desu ot etacidni snoitcennoc taht erewton
.deiduts elihW ew dluoc refni morf eht atad taht kcart setalpmet erew gnieb desu yb ehthcraeser
,stnapicitrap ew did ton etagitsevni woh eht setalpmet erew detcurtsnoc ro .detavitcasetalpmeT
niatnoc tnaveler seuc rof a ralucitrap epyt fo ,tfarcria segnar fo detcepxe sroivaheb )atad(rof
.g n thi, acteedeaaunnrerciah ltaesab
nihtiW eht etalimissA riA erafraWataD ,ssecorp eht xis lacitirc seuc era syawladetaulave
.gtn s isredneihei uf Ttayc edamldreu eneatlaro rcatfee va itpnedenxirue aonecunnoe ro eromfo
eht xis lacitirc .seuc detcepxenU atad era deviecrep atad taht od ton llaf nihtiw eht egnarfo
detcepxe seulav rof eht nevig ,euc sa denifed yb eht evitca .etalpmet toN lla elbaliava seucera
; dye elsttnoa aohhe uttrtlar.aa evpfteo aelhptmet
1.3 tsn ceadeucnlCSaeS
ehT tnemnorivne hguorht( CIC ,selosnoc letnI ,stroper ).cte si dennacs rof seuc ,.g.e(
,edutitlA )deepS taht era tnaveler ot eht evitca .etalpmet ehT tes fo seuc ot eb detaulaveera
detceles morf eht .tupni ehT noitceles msinahcem saw derrefni morf atad taht detacidnitaht
st nsan po giienctriiaestnw srifeabocpmoo rc,p rseeb.ua]ch0b0e0i2L[
2.3 e tt, sae ,udrtjoa idmpdFAmmnooacCcA
ehT deviecrep atad ,.g.e( 000,01 ).tf era derapmoc ot eht detcepxe atad ,.g.e(e dutitlA (cid:31)
000,02 .).tf fI eht deviecrep atad era ,detcepxenu neht eht tif fo eht ledom si decuder ybeht
evitaler thgiew fo eht .euc nA ,noitadommocca yllacipyt na noitanalpxe ro ,sisehtopyh yameb
dedivorp ot elicnocer eht detcepxenu atad ot eht etalpmet ,rebahbeiL[ .]9991 snoitanalpxE
etubirtta eht atad ot rehtona .esuac sesehtopyH etubirtta eht atad ot a elbisualp derrefni tnetnifo
eht .kcart snoitadommoccA erew dedivorp ni tuoba %63 fo eht sesac erehw ereht saw
unexpected data.
3.3 etupmoC taerhTgnitaR
ehT deviecrep atad era osla desu ot etupmoc eht tnerruc taerht .gnitar ehTstnapicitrap
detsujda eht enilesab taerht gnitar pu ro ,nwod gnidneped no eht eerged fo taerht detaicossahtiw
eht tnerruc eceip fo atad ,.g.e( rof na tfarcria ni a larotti l,tnemnorivne a deeps fo 052 stonksdda
2.0 ot eht tnerruc taerht ;gnitar a deeps fo 005 stonk sdda 8.1 ot eht tnerruc taerht.)gnitar
noitanimreteD fo eht ezis fo stnemtsujda ot taerht level saw enod htiw atad deniatbomorf
decneirepxe .stnapicitrap yehT dedivorp noitamrofni no eht eerged fo taerht desop ybcificeps
segnahc ot a ediw egnar fo euc .seulav tI did ton raeppa taht taerht gnitar saw ylpmiseht
,noitalumucca ro ,gnimmus fo .ecnedive fI siht erew eht ,esac neht eno dluow tcepxe tahteht
rebmun fo seuc taht erew detaulave dluow eb detaler ot taerht gnitar ,.e.i( erom seuc daelot
rehgih taerht ;)sgnitar sisylana detroper ni ,rebahbeiL ,suboK dna htimS ]0002[ detacidnitaht
tn e .fdrd oneeeg ebn h nftpmistsioaeumaetednawuarnxcrhiet
gnissec odrePu n4i.t 3noC
nI gnipeek htiw lacirip m,esgnidnif sselnu detcepxenu atad erew deretnuocne eht ledomlliw
pots retfa eht tsrif xis .seuc ,esiwrehtO eht ledom lliw eunitnoc ,gnidaer gnirapmoc ,seuc
5
gnit s,utjidfa gdnn iattau epgrmnhoit ctlair trneuhti eeht tif fo eht l esdnormute rot %001 roereht
era on er osmeu c. soste cf oIdrep veaihtetac d reneripah t ei shwent gonnieat hra ftteochetptxief
fo eht ledom si desaercni yb eht evitaler thgiew fo eht .euc esiwrehtO tif si ,decudergnitpmorp
t n re, emsfh.seo tesusrrecauosffseab
mhtir otgnleAmss e5ts.as3 eArhT
A desab-delur taerht tnemssessa mhtirogla saw depoleved morf eht .ledom tIdezylana
tnaveler atad dna detupmoc a taerht gnitar rof hcae ria .kcart ehT tuptuo fo eht mhtiroglasaw
derapmoc ot taht fo 71decneirepxe 2 stnapicitrap ni tnemirepxE 2 fo ,rebahbeiL ,suboKdna
htimS .]0002[ ehT tuptuo saw deniatbo yb gninnur eht mhtirogla no a atad tes morftnemirepxE
.2 taerhT sgnitaR fo eht mhtirogla erew yltnacifingis detalerroc htiw esoht fo eht strepxe( r =
.708, p .ytiliba it rr e naen geiv pafnhhdxmoat teeu rimh ,wrd) o n2=fta2ri0e.p
ecnamrofreP fo eht mhtirogla saw osla derapmoc ot suoiverp hcraeser sgnidnif otenimreted
fi ti detar eh ttae rlhetvel fyoldne idrnFa ym esnkEcart ni a r ernanlaimmi sot eht n.asmturhepxe
elpitluM snosirapmoc detacidni taht eht taerht sgnitar taht erew decudorp yb eht mhtiroglaerew
ralimis ot esoht decudorp yb namuh strepxe ni eht reilrae seiduts( p < .)50. ekiL stinamuh
,strapretnuoc eht mhtirogla detupmoc yltnacifingis rehgih taerht sgnitar rof ymenE skcartnaht
rof yldneir.Fskcart
senil eedciauf Grt en0te.nm4Is st easesrAhT
lareveS seitilibapac evah neeb detaicossa htiw eht taerht tnemssessa yalpsid morf sti
noitpecnoc ni eht SUMDAT SSD ,.g.e( ees ,ylleK 6991 ro ,nosirroM .)7991 yramirPgnoma
meht sah neeb eht deen ot d etsraobp-p nugosniitnaonsaalep rxheguorht eht esu fo ecnedive.stsil
ehT AFB hcraeser margorp sah desucof no gnitagitsevni eht erutan fo eht ecnedive dna wohti
setubirtnoc ot eht taerht noitacifissalc fo eht namuh noisiced ..srekam ehT snoisulcnoc foruo
hcraeser evah neeb denibmoc htiw eshntoitadnemmoc efro relliM ]2991[ dna lemmuR ]5991[ot
etaerc a tes fo elbarised lanoitarepo seitilibapac rof a taerht tnemssessa .metsys A taerht
t nm eedmtlssusyoeshs sseab elbaot
• ey t agu dtlnpena pimh, aess to t)frkieaCmaohcdcrot tanraerefdhtd(tive
• , gdneisnaobs-aneor ittraonpaplupSxe
• , snedosniaat ia,bmg rndi in fddr as,nieorrgooshe oncvucsyriAanubrmcaearf
• et ad.re se tytna atse kriiGtce rl s ansoyitreeill atghrhhh-cpgttntiiaahwmmuh
. ss eeeni ritd elieyw elsa gdiules nibpsakiuaserpgp ihooa rdTwlcaoeefmvaerdf
erehT si a egral ydob fo noitamrofni no syalpsid taht si yllaitnetop tnaveler ot ataerht
tnemssessa .ecafretni rebahbeiL & reheF ]2002[ deweiver a rebmun fo seiduts tahterapmoc
,labrev ,ciremun dna cih pnaorigtatneserp fo citsilibab o.raptad riehT yram inropitacilppa forieht
sgnidnif ot tae rthntems sseysaslapsid si taht yeht tseggus taht gcniittnscoiiilptieabdmarboofrnpi
yllacihparg sdael ot ssel saib ,nosrednA[ ;8991 ,rezneregiG ;5991 muabnehcsriK &,adurrA
]4991 dna sesaerced gnikat-ksir roivaheb ,enotS[ .]7991 nI ,noitidda ria esnefed sreciffoetacidni
taht yeht evah ssel ecnedifnoc ni laciremun stuodaer fo detagergga ,noitamrofni ekil ataerht

2.elo resnefe dri an an iecneirepx eaes-t af osrae y9. 2=nae M
6
,gnitar esuaceb srebmun ylpmi a eerged fo noisicerp taht si ton tneserp ni tahw si yllaitnessea
evitc eejcbeui sp,n o n ifolt.oiaa)tnc1aoi0msn0rru2oemfpmn(oic
sn om1Sio.Utr4Ma fsDdSeAnS iTe DydmaumltopScseiRD
sihT noitces ylfeirb sweiver snoitadnemmocer rof SSD syalpsid morf seiduts taht
ylevisnetxe detaulave eht SSUMDAT .SSD ylnO esoht snoitadnemmocer taht ylppa ottaerht
tne m dseesrd.eaueslrsceanhi
relliM ]2991[ desoporp thgie yalpsid stnemecnahne rof eht SUMDAT SSD desab no-ni
htped sweivretni htiw ria esnefed .sreciffo elihW rieht saedi derevoc ynam stcepsa fo eht,SSD
esoht taht t syol mtncieartirdep ot ttnaeemrs:hseterseswa
• ,s tnynite aivftl eoraoe e cTtseeceiaesh spctutoayiatbtdrni
• ,seseh teovpiytha n r reot er t iotaoaemTlptrhrameteoppco
• oT etacidni eht deviecrep level fo taerht desop yb a ralucitrap kcart dna( edivorpa
elan o,ri)ottfan redsmntsaisessa
• n o.rina teeekaenhc mr tatdr cernnoost taafT-alvnncleiooaller
lemmuR ]5991[ osla depoleved lareves yalpsid snoitadnemmocer rof eht SUMDATSSD
desab no evisnetxe sweivretni htiw decneirepxe ria esnefed .sreciffo emoS fo sih
tne n osietn troerrai:riefteeap radwoaditwnveomrmpocer
• ,no intoai m tfrw aooaacfRt ina efidolitbraenve
• A evisneherpmoc tsil fo ecnedive taht stroppus eht tnerruc sisehtopyh gnidragereht
,ctiarmedrmn ouak]fncg aanthriuptdbli[aova
• .no iytttsaii r rl s e kote edAciak rg iarhaaenfaosrpttdaottntiranowdic
senil eedciauf Grt en2te.nm4Is st easesrAhT
ehT gniwollof senilediug erew depoleved morf stpecnoc devired morf eht AFBhcraeser
margorp dessucsid ,evoba snoitaulave fo eht SUMDAT SSD ecafretni ,relliM[ ;2991,lemmuR
,]5991 dna tn escneorissucs ihdtiw ria esne f.esdreciffo eeS rebahbeiL dna reheF ]2002[ roferom
noitamrofni no eht .ecafretni desaB no eht elbaliava ,atad eht tnetnoc fo a taerhttnemssessa
y adllpus oiehdvs.a shg enerihuwttoalelfof
1. n enee r hw ctwoy sn daa-eknlnmci pos. awt ssdarasieeteiDskrsohaoth weohdTniw
e v,tiys srid ntnol nf,oaetn aogieh sitn tredfiaa iaahrlohtentctpunraaimoohrdohctncsi
d r te sedyateifleha pheuhtcds ytrotiar ftpw deea o fntcte.oisias senfdnrehifeiutofAced
.,d )ney1or e0iroh0tesT2aflceai rnlpua mn t mo)urosOoecrRdt eCacdp(ear(rraadhncats
]o s2srt9 len 9 nalaw1ti lpo[ a ei idehehM,cnst b tti io.ootn wl ktlroececpahhaoPttretG
det sneegegrucss -snsoecca ot kcart.atad
7
2. eyt aug dtlpnenap.miha essottfrikCaohdcrtart c igh n pnit aita yraeeagrrhl htptsiD
tam r osod dtrf iteee olccstrvenin aiafef eaha ife.fterosneselodnpai exfsfsEiocerp
nto aidsfhdtete aotlprpttd wriue he aonyew ocatcacnazbehnrizmbsoeduucpnfni
,ds er,., ien) nnlbo1r oipmi 0iaim une0etieNis2haspltcnoaie ffnslouamnmooscrep(
m u , adn .]adbeory 4dnnt iico9uae rsneadh9rhyoaihrnw1rcbpwpTuu[AspocorucfisaK
s trce ae ir tmt dherartse pwo hoekr,aftt tfbsi.ra neau gghaertqe.tmoeuegmrl(rdaouvj
.)gn i ctnAi aehsmt psrayae o ea r lef,rm.ogsteh ]snonts7 lomos9yaiote9ksrSl1sip[icred
, s ,smdrt hgul oadgniudteeii do n pryHthehlaei)ha(atMsabrwTlribcopwrsLseeivdd
. s r es essegrnhr r haeateotee Tt bhartlcsrnrmtrep einieouwieffeacnrhffrctoeesdped
,g s nyn rni lodeasseli nbhusrat tamtfeeiaseaunlwtnlehnoniertcem vhtifetorolpcsid
,,k uc dr c is,nusshwtnacgetZn enndi eet oiu wfmhs.cdBroetltnitlnieaaefhtWiTsciffus
. sd rnrsngeaeranbtioh imssttoeuraptbn eei ldrgancnbusir ed e]drpv3am9ge9eK1r[
3. w tyogarhneoSirtthsatirh e , l .ydesbrrl s i ae ouankhantftoecTetoswSsaeiSrbhDt
no if toeaa htn.t aay] e dlb 2dctp rt 9enI xyeno9tayeales1ohbmlml[nnieaeMcnahne
,,]n 8odd8ten9gt a1n ssiyyeancbu wnnqeeeec Pt rn g[sdeyninrrisaeotnhtooosmccorp
lan oescrae fp tr(knecet am n g bsnis ntdsordiaeeeevees ssirfsauoghaptorp
communication, 2001).
4. steendue icmtavs sos firelolPslsaa gn i. ad stn,eao .udpdeglseh.aeeTevrp(rS o=c032
te ss. eued tseebmhedeaemhTy erhuataodnsatcsl sl eiupelu)hsbaostihtdsonk
m h s teettgivtnan ri ue htieos.pmttsdhgngmsaiitlenos elvahicearoetshrrastPpramoc
noidtnaac igfni i r,d sesr le veatacsd sgnrndnhaeeeei atirtvr oribseesvewisfiasseunropc
, n. eo], d lhi 5l dpltlttn9e;,ilusuiI9m2roeoifd1m9e vhhldu9leasaR1lcinMe[difnoc
ec n nayoillne ora -.wrseeefvuoc
5. .r en koeai cms onieta chtsretr eedoyudpbcrmOi tsi Lmor ftsom .ott ntastareolpmi
g ns siis edhtp mstl Tnl yrnaiaeeeaoo turhhlf idibetpnotnlhsot aaioicrtccdecasefupxe
,ynr.oo] t t8sgtgs8nnan9i ihi1a,nt kleneapcehmxnPt- e e[ndsdoneiiatv saesituciheltdicaf
ecn ,a, fstrytou relnb eobleo thpaarKnetmhcri sIbi uderfce iionsLpiem muesrcaewted
s tr n n e fosen.d noiyamwSrtet vhgo.oceaoadhUebttNusfnj fe.as] e 0hrd0tPn0ia2m[S
.s r , ] e,n]1 ecni60 ds iar90rnn.f mr92iaeSfyle1af.omePeUrd[dAA[
6. w o thecSha tpf mohic. age tenulaic letnaraorhretvo cihp a erav gadhluo he suhcc aE
r otstaw ahowyctho cishrs dnda emeenfe to tuihaearescqttuifh’eealvteprdaeuxfvdce
,gn idenesosus a aobsew- lrtn.eoen iu aytlo p aaarttolnvor Tpatoeslaphipcptdxiuedsni
. de s ocy idh naghltprfdelnTu eleoidpiodmetoistwnhnv viraua:EdoospCrpaubS
ecn aniol e td raeey,-s crtsrbf,dniiaeuos eearivsedr iaboun ryricasebelafpiwexmreapf
, nso r ieertsce anivcc e f oiio fsflrnwaeloaeuttde nmmany oumdalfsnopnoracoehpp(la
g nseie cyu dnacnr s.eal n iee’)ripeoddm r1rlssl rofe0eeiuutocos0frDooru2ewnervpo
. sdeee c ut fn, tc heoe swseg g u reerhi onaleoufiteetafhcfw nhnt- fociheoghith
, el drut . l ofitgouwef pcnto ob eetlaiwfh hrhae ptoslcetehemalahruir aeThcnrtoevo
ynlye leheah wcit l n cna,a weoisieeptelhfsiuetencr i-lrae ivgt on n dideoioltsoDuovopac
t. ec gela tnvtpnlaiatmo lethiiearalhrhrtetvo
8
7. e dy.ittv isoakrircolPairrtp te n htdeeT slmtmiu saol otesrrewabeafhesptrsehast
ed veay eti sotfss t. nl ioo irfiwse erpelionoifeh orcagdehToiuuondttrpdcipewr
n oliet n atn lmaoygarsbn co rimif .eve tnaepih yiicgtetrnhicattl -lIio ngbtpoasiasrsgim
d,s deg kwl t n , couyusi mrnahot bpantoeirswaemesrdtehot ofrrtcatomohesttrahetl
l.a m c)dh t tiIltdss ItOuinet e iC orarcsbtr(f ewoeainCorhgttseotlnnamfaIobsCsessa
de n y) i d t .bIeat eeasmOsts eshhtaCnnenrr attceCeiroiafBat(faeaotemtndnoIC
lai tg n nee y,id s dt)wit nseli1ovseoehur0loihitoo0lrltthi2opasr(fcpi nluamnmooscrep
de t y a .byrtg t ensn,itn aiimraeAdltroegnaoir arfrh,tptgan li,prr a eke:bcbamaturanTd
, dds md llm ehn euuerstatgoot euin n ww s fdreaaatynoaortrnsaograehrludmtbacssessa
d,el t ey s ,m bseSsmeruStur e qDrRunsaeo[t ourpanie eot refia fttueoaathteitirslcicaf
1995].
ya ltpnseimDs st3 ea.dse4esrsA hoTporP
sihT noitces sebircsed a desoporp taerht tnemssessa yalpsid dellac( a taerhT )wodniW dnaa
ytiroirP tsiL .wodniW tI si denoisivne taht eseht swodniw dluow eb trap fo a SSD ralimis oteht
SUMDAT .SSD ehT taerht tnemssessa metsys taht sevird eht swodniw dluowylsuounitnoc
eviecer atad no ria skcart ,.e.i( radar )stcatnoc morf pihs srosnes dna rehto noitamrofni,secruos
compute or etupmocer a taerh tgnitar rof hcae ,kcart dna ecudorp a tsil fo ,dsekzciatritromiorrpf
tsehgih ot tsewol ,taerht rof .yalpsid roF dekooh ,.e.i( )detceles ,skcart eht metsys dluowyalpsid
.noitalu ct la ott) aeetnaa,crhneht. htiwtaeetd.cin(e deihvte
3.4 taewrohdTniW
ehT taerhT wodniW saw depoleved morf eht laciripme atad derehtag ni ruo stnemirepxeot
tnemelpmi eht stpecnoc dna senilediug dessucsid .evoba ehT taerhT wodniW si nwohs nierugiF
2 sa a wodniw delebal dekooH“ .”kcarT erugiF a2 swohs woh eht taerht wodniw skool nehweht
metsys rotarepo skooh a .kcart ylnO laitnesse kcart noitamrofni sraeppa ni siht decuder:wodniw
kcarT ,rebmun mroftalp ,.e.i( epyt fo ,)kcart ,gniraeb taerht ,yrotsih dna kcart rebmun.yrotsih
reilraE snoisrev fo eht ecafretni dewohs ylno tnerruc taerht gnitar eciv taerht .yrotsihtaerhT
yrotsih dna kcart rebmun yrotsih erew detseuqer yb decneirepxe ria esnefed sreciffo ohw
dedivorp kcabdeef no snoisrev fo siht ecafretni lanosrep( ,noitacinummoc .)1002 taerhTyrotsih
swohs segnahc ni taerht gnitar revo .emit kcarT rebmun yrotsih si lufesu ni snoitautis erehweht
emas tfarcria si dengissa erom naht eno kcart .rebmun yrotsiH saw ton deiduts ni AFBhcraeser
,margorp os eht sliated tiawa erutuf .noitagitsevni hguohtlA eht taerht tnemssessamhtirogla
setupmoc taerht sgnitar no a egnar morf 1 )woL( ot 7 ,)hgiH( taerht sgnitar era debircsedylno
htiw ,hgi H,muideM dna woL labre vsleba l,et o,Nr(evewo htaht eht taer hyTrot syiaHlpsid sah7
ls aemtn rnioo oltfoznt ioe .rchle)otlgshun gfafnroitar
erugiF b2 swohs eht dednapxe taerht .wodniw llA fo eht ecnedive taht seog otnignitupmoc
taerht gnitar si nwohs ni eht ecnedive noitrop fo eht taerht .wodniw ecnedivE si dedivid otnia
erutaef tsil dna a atad .xob serutaeF era ,detsil ni redro fo gnisaerced ,ecnatropmi gnola ehttfel
edis fo eh tat a.dxo be heTula vf o ds e eetdgrhh enut gtytitsxisbhcaeiileguehshhidftggeeiiwrhh
tnof ssenthgirb fo eht rehto .serutaef ehT atad xob si dedivid otni eerht .slenap erehT sia
ssenthgirb ecnereffid rof eht xob dnuorgkcab dna txet rof eht hgih thgiew .serutaef ehTelddim
slneinaa tpenhotc w adre ta athiatcdi o w.shescraaue tea hetTfcapm ifo a ne veicgeip efconedive
no taerht level si nwohs ni eht tfel dna thgir slenap fo eht taerht .xob sraB no eht tfelwohs
9