Table Of ContentChallenges of Peace Operations:
Into the 21st Century
Concluding Report 1997–2002
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Copyright 2002 by the Challenges Project, the Swedish National Defence College
and Challenges Project Partner Organizations. All rights reserved.
This work may be reproduced, provided that no commercial use is made of it and
the Challenges Project is acknowledged.
Printed by Elanders Gotab, in Stockholm, Sweden, 2002.
Suggested citation:
The Challenges Project, Challenges of Peace Operations: Into the 21st Century –
Concluding Report 1997–2002, Elanders Gotab, Stockholm, 2002.
Also available on the World Wide Web at http://www.peacechallenges.net:
1. Challenges of Peace Operations: Into the 21st Century
Concluding Report 1997–2002
(ISBN: 91-89683-00-5)
2. Challenges of Peace Operations: Into the 21stCentury
Concluding Report 1997–2002
Executive Summaries
English (ISBN: 91-89683-01-3)
Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian, Spanish (ISBN: 91-89683-02-01)
3. Challenges Project Seminar Reports (in order of hosting):
Stockholm (Swedish National Defence College)
Moscow (Russian Public Policy Centre)
Amman (Jordan Institute of Diplomacy)
Pretoria (Institute for Security Studies)
Carlisle (United States Army Peacekeeping Institute)
New Delhi (United Service Institution of India)
Tokyo (Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan)
Cornwallis (Pearson Peacekeeping Centre)
Buenos Aires (Argentine Armed Forces)
For further information about the Challenges Project, the Concluding Report,
and/or should additional hard copies of this report be required, please contact:
Annika Hilding Norberg, Director & Coordinator, Swedish National Defence College,
Box 27 803, 115 93 Stockholm, Sweden, Tel: +46 (0)8 788 9391,
E-mail: [email protected]
ISBN: 91-89683-00-5
Challenges of Peace Operations:
Into the 21st Century
Concluding Report
Foreword
Acknowledgements
Executive Summary and Conclusions
Introduction
1. Changing Concepts of Security
2. The Roles of the UN and of Regional Organizations and
Arrangements
3. The Legal Dimension of Peace Operations
4. Integrating the Human Rights Perspective
5. Doctrinal Challenges
6. Preventive Action
7. Gender Perspectives in Effective Peace Operations
8. Civil-Military Relations and Cooperation
9. Police – In the Service of Peace
10. Planning for Effective Disarmament, Demobilization and
Reintegration
11. Safety and Security of UN Peacekeepers and Associated Personnel
12. Information Technology and Peace Operations:
A Relationship for the New Millenium
13. Training and Education
14. Determining Success in Peace Operations
Annex 1 Summary of Recommendations
Annex 2 Project Partner Organizations
Annex 3 Participating Peace Operations Training & Education Organizations
Project Funders and Sponsors
Annex 4 List of Challenges Seminar Chairs & Speakers
Annex 5 Acronyms
3
Foreword
The Challenges Project was initiated in Sweden in 1997. Over the years, partici-
pants from some 230 organizations and 50 countries have joined the endeavour,
exchanging experiences and ideas on how to enhance the planning, conduct and ef-
fectiveness of multinational peace operations. To date, nine international seminars
have been hosted by a global network of partner organizations in cooperation with
their national peacekeeping training and education facilities. The project has bene-
fited greatly from a wide spectrum of national perspectives, cultural outlooks, pro-
fessional civilian and military expertise, and regional insights. The process itself has
generated new cooperative structures.
Multinational efforts to promote peace and stability will continue to be a major
challenge for the United Nations and the international community in the 21st cen-
tury.
I am very pleased to present this report on behalf of the Partner Organizations of
the Challenges Project. While the report should not be taken as representing official
governmental positions, it is my hope that it will be perceived as a valuable addi-
tion to the evolving dialogue in this complex field.
Anna Lindh
Minister for Foreign Affairs of Sweden
5
Acknowledgements
The present report is the product of a truly multinational and joint effort. Many
dedicated and generous peace contributors have committed to the project over the
past five years. They have brought their experience, insight and resources to share
with the project effort in our common pursuit of a more peaceful world. Whether
acting locally, nationally, regionally or globally, all efforts have been crucial to the
overall project effort. Participants from some 50 countries and 230 organizations
have contributed to the seminar series as chairs, speakers or seminar participants.
Nine international seminars have been held on five continents by Challenges Pro-
ject Partner Organizations. The findings of the report stem from the general discus-
sions held during the seminars and thus, seminar speakers and contributing partici-
pants are in particular to be thanked.
The project held editing sessions in Stockholm, Cornwallis and Buenos Aires, while
completing the present report. The Project Partners wish to thank the authors of
the present report; Professor Kamel Abu-Jaber, Lieutenant Colonel Donna Boltz,
Mr. Derek Boothby, Ms. Alaciel de Campos, Lieutenant Colonel Michael Esper,
Colonel (ret.) Douglas Fraser, Ambassador Martin Hallqvist, Ms. Annika Hilding
Norberg, Professor Bo Huldt, Lieutenant Colonel Nick Keam, Mr. David Light-
burn, Ms. Angela Mackay, Mr. Mark Malan, Ambassador Peggy Mason, Dr. Dyan
Mazurana, Lieutenant General (ret.) Satish Nambiar, Colonel George Oliver III,
Major Bruce Oswald, Navy Captain Lennart Stenberg, Dr. Angela Raven Roberts,
Mr. Bakthiyar Tuzhmukamedov. Editors of the report were Ms. Annika Hilding
Norberg (main editor), Professor Bo Huldt and Mr. Derek Boothby. The Conclud-
ing Report main editing session was held in Buenos Aires. During this session, the
authors group benefited greatly from the valuable experience and insights shared
by Ambassador Lakhdar Brahimi, Ambassador Chief Arthur Mbanefo, Ambas-
sador Motohide Yoshikawa, Lieutenant General Evergisto de Vergara, and Major
General Timothy Ford.
The Project Partners wish to express their sincere appreciation to the distinguished
officials of the United Nations for their unfailing support of the project endeavour,
as speakers at seminars, or through the sharing of invaluable advise on developing
issues within the subject matter.
Throughout the development of the project, valuable support, as hosts of seminars
or parts of seminars, has kindly been provided by the Swedish International Centre,
Vystrel Peacekeeping Academy of the Russian Federation, CIS HQ for Military Co-
operation & Coordination, Zarqa Peacekeeping Centre of Jordan, Royal Police
Academy of Jordan, South African Army College, United States Army Peacekeep-
ing Institute, United Service Institution of India Centre for United Nations Peace-
keeping, the USI Centre for United Nations Peacekeeping Training Ground, Pear-
7
son Peacekeeping Centre of Canada, CAECOPAZ Armed Forces Peacekeeping
Training Centre of Argentina, CENCAMEX Gendarmerie Peacekeeping Training
Centre of Argentina. The Project Partners also appreciate the cooperation with the
Australian Defence Force Peacekeeping Centre and the Asia Pacific Centre for Mili-
tary Law, and welcome Australia’s offer to host the Follow Up Seminar in October
2002.
Each host organization has been the main sponsor of their respective seminar. The
Swedish Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the Swedish National Defence College
have provided resources for the overall coordinating function of the Challenges
Project. Crucial and additional support have been kindly received from the govern-
ments of Argentina, India, Japan, Jordan, and Norway, the defence and police
forces of Argentina, Australia, India, Jordan, Russian Federation, South Africa,
Sweden, USA, and including the 14 civilian and military peacekeeping training cen-
tres stated above. Human and financial resources have also been generously pro-
vided by the Royal Court of Jordan, NATO Information and Liaison Office, Susan
and Elihu Rose Foundation, Hans Seidel Foundation, Jordan Radio & Television
Corporation, Jordan Ministry of Tourism and Antiquities, Mayor of Amman, and
London School of Economics & Political Science.
After five years of what became a global undertaking, it would be impossible to
name all those who have assisted and contributed to the effort, around the world
and along the way. However, they know who they are, and the Project Partners
wish to thank them for having committed to the endeavour and made the Chal-
lenges Project possible, through their hard work and dedication, to the cause, and
in the name, of peace.
Partner Organizations and Hosts of Challenges Seminars 1997-2002
Major General Karlis Neretnieks
President, Swedish National Defence College
Professor Alexeij Salmin
President, Russian Public Policy Centre
Professor Kamel Abu-Jaber
President, Jordan Institute of Diplomacy
Doctor Jakkie Cilliers
Executive Director, Institute for Security Studies, South Africa.
Colonel George Oliver III
Director, United States Army Peacekeeping Institute
Lieutenant General Satish Nambiar
President, United Service Institution of India
8
Takahisa Kawakami
Director, International Peace Cooperation Division, Ministry of Foreign Affairs,
Japan
Alex Morrison
President, Pearson Peacekeeping Centre, Canada
Major General Evergisto de Vergara
Chief of Joint Operations, Argentine Armed Forces
Professor Timothy McCormack
Director, Asra Pacific Centre for Military Law, Australia
9
