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'92
"TITANIUM
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
VOLUME I
94--00280
94 6
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TITANI '92
SCIENCE ArýD T OLOGY
~CH
VOLUME I
Proceedings of a Symposium sponsored
by the Titanium Committee of the Minerals, Metals & Materials
I Structural Metals Division
Held at the Seventh World Titanium Conference
June 29 -July 2. 1992
in San Diego, California
Edited by
F.H. FROES and I.L. CAPLAN
A Puication of
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PREFACE
It Is with a mixed sense of relief, accomplishment and pride that we open this final
prologue to the Seventh World Titanium Conference. Relief that the uncountable
hours spent in organizing the conference and compiling these proceedings are
behind us. Accomplishment and pride that the conference went so well, including
riding out the strongest earthquake that mother nature has served up to Southern
California in quite some time. We thank the numerous people who verbally and in
writing complemented us on both the technical program and social events -- it
makes the hours spent worthwhile.
We want to take this opportunity to thank the other members of the U.S.
Organizing Committee for their hard work, the International Organizing Committee
(IOC) representatives for their support and outstanding coordination, The Minerals,
Metals & Materials Society staff for their superb management of the conference,
and the Titanium Development Association for their efficient handling of the
Exhibition. Furthermore, a special thanks is extended to the plenary and keynote
speakers for theio conscientious preparation and participation. Finally, the Executive
Committee deeply appreciates the much needed financial support generously
provided by each of the sponsoring organizatiors and companies in these difficult
economic times. j
Of course these proceedings would not have been possible without the generally
excellent manuscripts submitted by authors from around the world -- thank you all!
We also want to mention the behind-the-scenes contributions of Debkumar
Mukhopadhyay, graduate student at the University of Idaho, in compiling these
proceedings. His diligent efforts were invaluable.
This conference marked 20 years since the last international titanium conference
was held in the United States in Boston, Massachusetts. At that time, only four
countries made up the IOC and less than 200 papers were presented. Since then,
the IOC has grown to sever countries, with the admittance of China in 1992.
Conference attendance in San Diego exceeded 700 persons, representing 26
nations, presenting more than 400 papers.
And so on to Birmingham, England in October 1995 for the Eighth World Titanium
Conference. We wish Paul Blenkinsop and his "team"t he best of luck, and hope that
everything goes as well for them as it did for us.
Francis H. (Sam) Froes Ivan L. Caplan
University of Idaho Naval Surface Warfare Center
Mosoow, ID Annapolis, MD
Conference Co-ChelneIn aid Aroceengs Editors -March 1993
V
Ivan L. Caplan Co-chairman
F.H. Froes Co-chairman
Neil E. Paton Finance
F.H. Froes, Ivan L. Caplan Technical Program/Proceedings
James A. Hall Poster Sessions
Harold D. Kessler Activities
Rodney R. Boyer Secretary
Neville R. Moody Student Activities
Paul Bania Promotions
Barbara J. Kamperman Conference Management
Titanium Development Exhibition Management
Association
F.H. Froes The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society
G. Beranger Soci6t6 Frangaise de Mdtalurgie et de Mat~naux
T. Suzuki The Japan Institute of Metals
S. Seagle ASM International
I.V. Gorynin The Academy of Sciences
G. Luetjering Deutsche Gesellschaft for Materialkunde
P. Blenkinsop The Institute of Metals
TamohNiJ
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PROCEEDINGS DEDICATION
Robert I. Jaffee
1 1 July 1917 -28 November 1991
Mentor, colleague, co-worker, friend. Bob Jaffee was some or all of these to the
titanium community in general, and to many of us individually.
For thirty-two years at Battelle, he was a major contributor to, and stimulator of,
the rapidly growing field of materials, creating a materials science group around
himself that was second to none in the world. His seminal work on the physical
metallurgy of titanium still undergirds much of the technology which permits its
effective use. As young men in the 50's, we did not hesitate to bring him our ideas,
however tentative. He listened, was always objective, and responded with useful
commentary. Later, I well remember working closely with him to co-edit the
Proceedings of the Second International Titanium Conference -the previous time
it was held in the United States in Boston, 1972. In particular, developing an index
with him provided a window into his mind, a measure of what he considered to be
important. He was precise, logical, and had a visionary perspective of the future.
After Battelle, he did not rest on his laurels but undertook a second career -- 17
years beyond his first retirement and active until his death - at the Electric Power
Research Institute. Here his focus shifted from aerospace to power generation, and
he provided international leadership Bob's precison and logic have been experienced
by many. His famous "NONSENSE" when sloppy thinking or parochial motives I
intruded upon technical judgments, often led the way back to rationality. His energy
and irrepressible enthusiasm were legendary, from his golf game to his membership
or leadership of many advisory committees; early on I learned about "joy through
work" -- another Jaffee'ism that enriched us. He was both a scientist and an
engineer, fostering the development of science-based technology in the service of
man.
Bob received numerous honors, from the Presidency ofthe Metallurgical Society
to membership in the National Academy of Engineering. I have tried to emphasize
how he enriched so many of us, particularly In the titanium community, and in the
tradition started with Dr. Wilhelm Kroll after the first conference. It is entirely
appropriate to dedicate these Procsedings ofthe Seventh World iankim Conference
to Dr. Robert I. Jaffee--mentor, colleague, co-worker, and friend.
Dr. Harris M. Burte
Chief Scentist, Materials Laboratory
Wright Laboratories
Dayton, OH.
May 1992
S...
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11 July 1917 -28 November 1991
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II
TABLE OF CONTENTS
VOLUME .
VO LU ME II ....................................................................................................... 957-1,968
VO LU ME III ................................................................................................... 1,969-2,982
PLENARIES
Titanium Process Modelling ........................................................................... 3
F.H. Froes,H .L. Gegel, C.H. Hamilton, G.W. Kuhlman, andJ .H. Moll
Advanced Alloys and Processes ................................................................. 15
PA. Blenkinsop
Alloy Theory and Phase Transformations in Titanium Alloys ........................ 27
R. Penelle and C. Servant
Surfaces and Elevated Temperature Effects ................................................ 41
M.A. Daeublera nd D. Helm
Present Features in Production of Titanium Sponge and Ingot .................... 53
S. Tamamoto
Material Science and li-Production Problems in View of New
Horizons of the Application ........................................................................... 65
I. Gorynin
MICROSTRUCTURE AND PROPERTIESi
Microstructure -Property Relationships in Titanium Alloys (Critical Review) ..... 77
R.R. Boyer andJ .A. Hall
Hot Deformation Microstructure Study in TI-6AI-4V and in ft-Cez Alloys ........... 89
C. Servant, C. Quesne, T. Baudln, and R. Pene/ie
Structural Stability of j3-Cez Alloy ................................................................. 97
A. Henri and A. Vassel
Deformation and Fracture Mechanisms in the f0 Metastable f-Cez Alloy ........ 105
C. Conbres, 0. Dumas, A.-M. Chaze, and B. Chanpin
Fatigue and Fracture Toughness Properties of TI-6Al-4V
with Acicular Alpha Microstructures .................................................................. 113
T. Mataumoto, T. Nishimura, S. Muranaka. and S. Ishigai
The Effect of Thermal Treatment on the Cryogenic Mechanical
Properties of Cast 5Ai-2.5Sn ELI Titanium ...................................................... 121
D.P. Dennies andJ .C. 06"eng
Optimization of Service Properties for Titanium Forgings
with Bimodal Microstructure ............................................................................. 131
H. Puschnlk,J . Fladischer,G . LOtjering, and R.S. Jaffee
Microstructure and Mechanical Properties Relationship of f-Rich
a-p n-itanium Alloy: SP-700 .............................................................................. 141
M. Ishlkawa, 0. Kuboyama, M. Nilkura, and C. Ouchi
I
Development of Titanium 0T4-1 Alloy ............................................................. 149
S.C. Sharma, R.K. Bannadi,R . Ganesh, andS .A. Badami
Oxygen Effects on the Mechanical Properties of Timetal.21S ......................... 153
W.M. Panfis and P.J. Bania
Microstructural Stability of Beta 21S ................................................................ 161
M. W. Mahoney, P.L. Martin, and D.A. Hardwick
Effect of Heating-Rate on the Formation of (a+A) Microduplex
Structure in a Ti-1 5V-3Cr-3Sn-3Al Alloy ........................................................... 169
K. Ameyama, T. Inaba, K. HMrota, K. Hirai,a nd M. Tokizane
Effect of Cold Work and Heat Treatment in Alpha Region
on Mechanical Properties of Ti-15-3 Alloy ....................................................... 177
MA Imam, P.K. Poulose, and B.B. Rath
Deformation Behavior of an Age Hardenable
Beta + Alpha-Two Titanium Alloy ..................................................................... 185
L.S. Qualtocchia nd D.A. Koss
Correlation of Mechanical Properties and Microstructures
of Ti-6AI-2Sn-2Zr-2Mo-2Cr-0.25Si Titanium Alloy ............................................ 193
H.R. Pheos and J.R. Wood
Evaluation of "i-6Al-2Sn-2Zr-2Cr-2Mo-.23Si Sheet ......................................... 201
R.C. Bliss
TMP Conditions -Microstructure -Mechanical Property Relationships
in Ti-6-22-22S Alloy .......................................................................................... 209
A.K. Chakrabarti,R . Pishko, V.M. Sample, and G.W Kuhlman
Theoretical Design of f-Type Titanium Alloys .................................................. 217
M. Mornaa, M. Kato, T. Karnimura, M. Fukumoto, I. Harada,a nd K. Kubo
Omega Phase Formation in Titanium and Titanium Alloys .............................. 225 f
G.T. Gray, III, C.E. Moars, and A.C. Lawson
I
Role of Composition and Microstructure in Dynamic and Static
Fracture of Alpha-Beta Titanium Alloys ............................................................ 233
R.W Judy. Jr.a nd I.L. Caplan
An Investigation on Strengthening Process and Its Strengthening
Mechanism for TC Titanium Alloy ................................................................... 241
4
X.K. Meng, Y.G. Zhou, and H.Q. Yu
Improvement of Structure and Properties of (Ct+P3)-Ttanium Alloys
Using the Rapid Heating and Accelerated Cooling .......................................... 247
OM. Ivashin and P.E. Markovsky
Void Nucleation, Void Growth and Tensile Behavior of M1-1i0V-2Fe-3Al ........... 255
H. Margoln and S.J. Pak
Effects of Hydrogen on the Structure and Properties of Beta-CTm
(TI-3Al-8V-6Cr-4Mo-4Zr) Sheet ........................................................................ 263
J.R. Wood and M.L. BogenspeTger
Quantitative Texture Analysis of a-Based Titanium
and Titanium Alloys-A Two Stage Approach .................................................. 271
A.W. Bowen
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