Drugs of Abuse: Body Fluid Testing (Forensic Science and Medicine)

318 Pages·2005·5.8 MB·English

by  Raphael C. Wong

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Drugs of Abuse
F O R E N S I C
S C I E N C E - - M E D I C I N E
A N D
Steven B. Karch, MD, SERIES EDITOR
DRUGS OF ABUSE: BODY FLUID TESTING
edited by Raphael C. Wong and Harley Y. Tse, 2005
A PHYSICIAN’S GUIDE TO CLINICAL FORENSIC MEDICINE: SECOND EDITION
edited by Margaret M. Stark, 2005
FORENSIC MEDICINE OF THE LOWER EXTREMITY: HUMAN IDENTIFICATION AND TRAUMA
ANALYSIS OF THE THIGH, LEG, AND FOOT, by Jeremy Rich, Dorothy E. Dean,
and Robert H. Powers, 2005
FORENSIC AND CLINICAL APPLICATIONS OF SOLID PHASE EXTRACTION, by Michael J.
Telepchak, Thomas F. August, and Glynn Chaney, 2004
HANDBOOK OF DRUG INTERACTIONS: A CLINICAL AND FORENSIC GUIDE, edited by
Ashraf Mozayani and Lionel P. Raymon, 2004
DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS: TOXICOLOGY AND CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY, edited by Melanie
Johns Cupp and Timothy S. Tracy, 2003
BUPRENOPHINE THERAPY OF OPIATE ADDICTION, edited by Pascal Kintz and Pierre
Marquet, 2002
BENZODIAZEPINES AND GHB: DETECTION AND PHARMACOLOGY, edited by Salvatore J.
Salamone, 2002
ON-SITE DRUG TESTING, edited by Amanda J. Jenkins and Bruce A. Goldberger,
2001
BRAIN IMAGING IN SUBSTANCE ABUSE: RESEARCH, CLINICAL, AND FORENSIC APPLICATIONS,
edited by Marc J. Kaufman, 2001
TOXICOLOGY AND CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY OF HERBAL PRODUCTS,
edited by Melanie Johns Cupp, 2000
CRIMINAL POISONING: INVESTIGATIONAL GUIDE FOR LAW ENFORCEMENT,
TOXICOLOGISTS, FORENSIC SCIENTISTS, AND ATTORNEYS,
by John H. Trestrail, III, 2000
A PHYSICIAN’S GUIDE TO CLINICAL FORENSIC MEDICINE,
edited by Margaret M. Stark, 2000
Drugs of Abuse
Body Fluid Testing
Edited by
Raphael C. Wong, ,
MS MBA
Branan Medical Corporation, Irvine, CA
Harley Y. Tse, ,
PhD MBA
Department of Immunology and Microbiology,
Wayne State University School of Medicine,
Detroit, MI
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Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
Drugs of abuse : body fluid testing / edited by Raphael C. Wong, Harley Y. Tse.
p. cm. -- (Forensic science and medicine)
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 1-58829-435-8 (alk. paper)
1. Drugs of abuse--Analysis. 2. Forensic pharmacology. 3. Body fluids--Analysis. I. Wong, Raphael C.
II. Tse, Harley Y. III. Series.
RA1160.D785 2005
614'.1--dc22
2005000317
Preface
Although not exactly a common topic for social conversations, drug test-
ing directly and indirectly touches the lives of many people. Circumstances
surrounding employment, traffic accidents, sports, and perhaps encounters with
law enforcement inevitably involve some facets of drug testing. During the
past two decades, drug testing has been greatly facilitated by the development
of lateral flow immunoassays that simplify the testing procedures and make
test results available in a timely fashion. Urine has been the biological speci-
men of choice for testing. However, recent technological advances have now
made it possible to use alternative body fluids for this purpose. Subsequently,
the field of drug testing has flourished as a science. It is with this view in mind
that the present volume, Drugs of Abuse: Body Fluid Testing, is written. It is
intended to be both informative and timely. Its audience includes not only
professionals and scientists, but also cursory readers interested in understand-
ing the societal impact as well as the limitations of drug testing.
Drugs of Abuse: Body Fluid Testing begins with a historical recounting
of events that have led to the establishment of federal regulatory policies spe-
cifically pertaining to drug testing. This is followed by a broad description of
the various body fluid specimens suitable for use in testing for illicit drugs.
These two initial chapters are both informative and interesting to read. The next
three chapters are designed for the technically minded. Chapter 3 presents a
comprehensive review of all commonly used analytical technologies and their
utilities in drug testing, both in laboratory-based and on-site settings. Chapters
4 and 5 then provide rather detailed accounts of the structural as well as manu-
facturing aspects of on-site testing devices based on lateral flow immunoas-
says. Because the use of urine as a testing matrix has been exhaustively discussed
over the years in numerous publications, we have chosen in this volume to avoid
repetition and concentrate on the use of other body fluids, such as saliva and
sweat, and hair. The advantages as well as the pitfalls of using these specimens
are the subject matter of Chapters 6–11. Of the alternative biological speci-
mens, oral fluid has the best potential of succeeding urine as the next matrix of
v
vi Preface
choice for drug detection. Therefore, four popular saliva testing devices are
selected for discussion. Following this section is Chapter 12, the author of which
adopts the viewpoint that drug testing is, in practice, information transfer and
argues that, to comply with privacy and accuracy issues, the processes of drug
testing should be automated with as little human intervention as possible. On
the application of drug testing in the legal system, Chapter 13 describes what
occurs within the drug court system with intriguing statistics. Finally, any dis-
cussion on drug testing cannot be complete without an appreciation of the cur-
rent status of sample adulteration. Two chapters are devoted to this purpose.
Because drug addiction is not just a problem confined to the United States, the
next two chapters of this volume bring the reader up to date on how the Euro-
pean Union deals with this problem. A large-scale roadside drug-testing pro-
gram (ROSITA) was undertaken, the results of which would benefit not just the
European Union, but also countries worldwide. Thus, this book covers a wide
spectrum of issues related to body fluid testing of drugs of abuse, and is written
by experts in their respective fields. The subject matter should appeal to a wide
variety of readers.
Raphael C. Wong
Harley Y. Tse
Contents
Preface....................................................................................................v
Contributors ..........................................................................................ix
CHAPTER 1 Historical Aspects of Drugs-of-Abuse Testing
in the United States
Lawrence A. Reynolds...............................................................................1
CHAPTER 2 Specimens for Drugs-of-Abuse Testing
Leo J. Kadehjian......................................................................................11
CHAPTER 3 Drug-Testing Technologies and Applications
Jane S-C. Tsai and Grace L. Lin ...........................................................29
CHAPTER 4 The Use of Nitrocellulose Membranes
in Lateral-Flow Assays
Michael A. Mansfield..............................................................................71
CHAPTER 5 Antibody–Label Conjugates in Lateral-Flow Assays
Paul Christopher, Nikki Robinson, and Michael K. Shaw..................87
CHAPTER 6 Lateral-Flow Assays: Assembly and Automation
David Carlberg.........................................................................................99
CHAPTER 7 Oral-Fluid Drug Testing Using the Intercept® Device
R. Sam Niedbala and Keith W. Kardos................................................115
CHAPTER 8 Dräger DrugTest®: Test for Illegal Drugs
in Oral-Fluid Samples
Stefan Steinmeyer, Rainer Polzius, and Andreas Manns..................133
vii
viii Contents
CHAPTER 9 On-Site Oral-Fluid Drug Testing by Oratect®
Raphael C. Wong...................................................................................145
CHAPTER 10 Saliva and Sweat Testing With Drugwipe®: A Review
Franz Aberl and Robert VanDine........................................................161
CHAPTER 11 Hair Analysis in Drugs-of-Abuse Testing
Michael I. Schaffer and Virginia A. Hill............................................177
CHAPTER 12 Instrumented Urine Point-of-Collection Testing
Using the eScreen® System
Murray Lappe........................................................................................201
CHAPTER 13 Adulteration of Drugs-of-Abuse Specimens
Amitava Dasgupta .................................................................................215
CHAPTER 14 Adulteration Detection by Intect® 7
Raphael C. Wong and Harley Y. Tse...................................................233
CHAPTER 15 Drug Testing and the Criminal Justice System:
A Marriage Made in Court
John N. Marr.........................................................................................247
CHAPTER 16 Drug-of-Abuse Testing: The European Perspective
Alex Yil Fai Wong.................................................................................259
CHAPTER 17 The Results of the Roadside Drug Testing
Assessment Project
Alain Verstraete.....................................................................................271
CHAPTER 18 Trends in Drug Testing: Concluding Remarks
Raphael C. Wong...................................................................................293
Index....................................................................................................297
Contributors
FRANZ ABERL • Securetec Detektions-Systeme AG, Ottobrunn, Germany
DAVE CARLBERG • Kinematic Automation Inc., Twain Harte, CA
PAUL CHRISTOPHER • British BioCell International, Cardiff, Wales, UK
AMITAVA DASGUPTA • Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine,
University of Texas-Houston Medical School, Houston, TX
VIRGINIA A. HILL • Psychemedics Corporation, Culver City, CA
LEO J. KADEHJIAN • Biomedical Consulting, Palo Alto, CA
KEITH W. KARDOS • OraSure Technologies Inc., Bethlehem, PA
MURRAY LAPPE • eScreen Inc., Beverly Hills, CA
GRACE L. LIN • Roche Diagnostics, Indianapolis, IA
ANDREAS MANNS • Dräger Safety AG & Co. KGaA, Lübeck, Germany
MICHAEL A. MANSFIELD • Millipore Corporation, Danvers, MA
JOHN N. MARR • Johnson City, TN
R. SAM NIEDBALA • Chemistry Department, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA
RAINER POLZIUS • Drägerwerk AG, Lübeck, Germany
LAWRENCE A. REYNOLDS • LAR Consulting, San Jose, CA
NIKKI ROBINSON • British BioCell International, Cardiff, Wales, UK
MICHAEL I. SCHAFFER • Psychemedics Corporation, Culver City, CA
MICHAEL K. SHAW • Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Wayne
State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI
STEFAN STEINMEYER • Dräger Safety AG & Co. KGaA, Lübeck, Germany
JANE S-C. TSAI • R&D, Roche Diagnostics, Indianapolis, IN
HARLEY Y. TSE • Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Wayne
State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI
ALEX YIL FAI WONG • Frost & Sullivan, London, UK
RAPHAEL C. WONG • Branan Medical Corporation, Irvine, CA
ROBERT VANDINE • Secutetec Contraband Detection & Identification Inc.,
South Williamsport, PA
ALAIN VERSTRAETE • Clinical Biology Laboratory, Ghent University
Hospital, Gent, Belgium
ix