Table Of ContentD&CSfS.tpgs 4/15/03 1:45 PM Page 1
DRUGS AND
CONTROLLED
SUBSTANCES
Information
for Students
D&CSfS.tpgs 4/15/03 1:45 PM Page 3
DRUGS AND
CONTROLLED
SUBSTANCES
Information
for Students
STACEY L. BLACHFORD AND KRISTINE KRAPP, EDITORS
Drugs and Controlled Substances: Information for Students
Project Editors Permissions Product Design
Stacey L. Blachford, Kristine Krapp Shalice Shaw Michelle Dimercurio, Tracey Rowens,
Kate Scheible
Editorial Imaging and Multimedia
Chris Jeryan, Kimberley McGrath, Robert Duncan, Mary Grimes, Lezlie Light, Manufacturing
Mark Springer Dan Newell, David Oblender, Evi Seoud
Christine O’Bryan, Kelly A. Quin
Indexing
Linda Mamassian
©2003 by Gale. Gale is an imprint of the Gale For permission to use material from this Since this page cannot legibly accommo-
Group, Inc., a division of Thomson Learning, product, submit your request via the Web at date all copyright notices, the acknowledg-
Inc. http://www.gale-edit.com/permissions, or you ments constitute an extension of the copy-
may download our Permissions Request form right notice.
Gale and Design ™ and Thomson Learning™ and submit your request by fax or mail to:
are trademarks used herein under license. While every effort has been made to ensure
Permissions Department the reliability of the information presented in
For more information, contact The Gale Group, Inc. this publication, The Gale Group, Inc. does
The Gale Group, Inc. 27500 Drake Road not guarantee the accuracy of the data con-
27500 Drake Road Farmington Hills, MI 48331-3535 tained herein. The Gale Group, Inc. accepts
Farmington Hills, MI 48331-3535 Permissions hotline: no payment for listing, and inclusion in the
Or visit our Internet site at 248-699-8006 or 800-877-4253, ext. 8006 publication of any organization, agency, insti-
http://www.gale.com Fax: 248-699-8074 or 800-762-4058 tution, publication, service, or individual does
not imply endorsement of the editors or pub-
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED lisher. Errors brought to the attention of the
No part of this work covered by the copyright publisher and verified to the satisfaction of
hereon may be reproduced or used in any the publisher will be corrected in future edi-
form or by any means—graphic, electronic, or tions.
mechanical, including photocopying, record-
ing, taping, Web distribution, or information
storage retrieval systems—without the writ-
ten permission of the publisher.
LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOG-IN-PUBLICATION DATA
Drugs and controlled substances : information for students / Stacey Blachford, Kristine
Krapp, editors.
p. cm
Summary: Provides detailed information about the composition, histo-
ry, effect, uses and abuses of common drugs, including illegal drugs
and addictive substances, as well as commonly abused classes of pre-
scription drugs.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 0-7876-6264-X (hardcover : alk. paper)
1. Drug abuse-Juvenile literature. [1. Drugs. 2. Drug abuse.] I.
HV5809.5.D784 2002
613.8—dc21
2002010925
ISBN 0-7876-6264-X
Printed in the United States of America
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
C O N T E N T S
ADVISORY BOARD . . . . . . . . vii Inhalants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231
Ketamine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243
CONTRIBUTORS . . . . . . . . . . ix
LSD (lysergic acid diethylamide) . . . . . 252
Marijuana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264
PREFACE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xi
Melatonin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 274
CHRONOLOGY . . . . . . . . . . xiii Meperidine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283
Mescaline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291
ENTRIES
Methadone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300
Alcohol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Methampetamine . . . . . . . . . . . 308
Amphetamines . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Amyl nitrite . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 Methaqualone . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317
Antidepressants . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 Methylphenidate . . . . . . . . . . . . 325
Barbiturates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 Morphine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 331
Benzodiazepine . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 Nicotine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 338
Benzylpiperazine/ Nitrous oxide . . . . . . . . . . . . . 354
Trifluoromethylphenylpiperazine . . . . 53
Opium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 363
Caffeine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
Oxycodone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 374
Catha edulis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
PCP(phencyclidine) . . . . . . . . . . 384
Cocaine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
PMAand PMMA . . . . . . . . . . . 393
Codeine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
Creatine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 Psilocybin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 400
Designer drugs . . . . . . . . . . . . 104 Rohypnol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 410
Dextroamphetamine . . . . . . . . . . 114 Salvia divinorum . . . . . . . . . . . 419
Dextromethorphan . . . . . . . . . . . 122 Steroids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 428
Diet pills . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
Tranquilizers . . . . . . . . . . . . . 438
Dimethyltryptamine (DMT) . . . . . . . 141
2C-B (Nexus) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 450
Diuretics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
Ecstasy (MDMA) . . . . . . . . . . . 156 GLOSSARY . . . . . . . . . . . . 459
Ephedra . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
Fentanyl . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173 CONTROLLED SUBSTANCES ACT
GBL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182
APPENDIX . . . . . . . . . . . . 468
GHB . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190
Herbal drugs . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201 VARIANT NAME INDEX . . . . . 471
Heroin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211
Hydromorphone . . . . . . . . . . . . 221 GENERAL INDEX . . . . . . . . . 483
v
P L E A S E R E A D —
I M P O RTA N T I N F O R M AT I O N
Drugs and Controlled Substances: Information for without limitation, warranties of merchantability or fit-
Students is a medical reference product designed to ness for a particular purpose, nor does it guarantee the
inform and educate readers about a wide variety of accuracy, comprehensiveness, or timeliness of the infor-
drugs and controlled substances. The Gale Group mation contained in this product. Readers should be
believes the product to be comprehensive, but not nec- aware that the universe of medical knowledge is con-
essarily definitive. It is intended to supplement, not stantly growing and changing, and that differences of
replace, consultation with a physician or other health medical opinion exist among authorities. Readers are
care practitioner. While the Gale Group has made sub- also advised to seek professional diagnosis and treat-
stantial efforts to provide information that is accurate, ment of any possible substance abuse problem, and to
comprehensive, and up-to-date, the Gale Group makes discuss information obtained from this book with their
no representations or warranties of any kind, including health care provider.
v i
A D V I S O RY B O A R D
Ronald J. Brogan, MA:New York City Bureau Chief,
D.A.R.E America,
New York, New York
James McGivney, M.Ed.:
Deputy Director for Government Relations,
D.A.R.E. America,
Dumfries, Virginia
Sue Rusche:Chairman, President, and CEONational
Families in Action,
Atlanta, Georgia
Codirector Addiction Studies Program for Journal-
ists
Wake Forest University School of Medicine
Winston-Salem, North Carolina
Mark S. Woodford, PhD, LPC, MAC:Assistant Pro-
fessor of Counselor Education, The College of
New Jersey
Ewing, New Jersey
v i i
C O N T R I B U TO R S
Laurie Barclay, MD:Neurologist, Neurological Con- Marianne O’Connor, MT, MPH:Medical Writer,
sulting Services, Tampa, Florida Farmington Hills, Michigan
ChristopherBarillas:Senior Editor, GayHealth.com, Alison Palkhivala:Medical Writer, Montreal, Canada
New York, New York Scott Polzin, MS, CGC:Medical Writer, Buffalo
Maria Basile-Folkerts, Ph.D. candidate:Medical Grove, Illinois
Writer, Hershey, Pennsylvania
Linda Richards, RD, MS, CHES:Medical Writer,
Maury M. Breecher, Ph.D., M.P.H.:Health and Med- Alpine, California
ical Writer, Feature Enterprises, Tarzana, California
Edward R. Rosick, DO, MPH:University Physician,
Louise C. Chut, Ph.D., M.P.H.:Retired Professor of
Clinical Assistant Professor of Medicine, The
Public Health and Health Education, Pittsboro,
Pennsylvania State University, State College,
North Carolina
Pennsylvania
Janet Filips:Health and Medical Writer, FilipsWrite,
Patty Jo Sawvel:Journalist, Wake Forest University
Inc., Eugene, Oregon
Addiction Studies Program for Journalists, Kern-
Paula Ford-Martin, MA:Principal Writer/Editor,
ersville, North Carolina
Wordcrafts, Warwick, Rhode Island
Brian Sine:Freelance Writer, Kernersville, North Car-
Lisa Fratt:Medical Writer, Ashland, Wisconsin
olina
Roberta Friedman:Freelance Science Writer, Santa
Genevieve Slomski, PhD:Freelance Medical Writer,
Cruz, California
New Britain, Connecticut
Candace Hoffmann:Freelance Writer and Editor,
Barbara Sullivan Smith, M.Ed.:Family and Con-
Lake Worth, Florida
sumer Sciences Teacher, Bidderford Middle
Anne Jacobson, MPH:Freelance Medical Writer,
School, Bidderford, Maine
Chicago, Illinois
Kathy Stolley, Ph.D.:Senior Facilitator, Collaborative
Richard M. Kapit, M.D.:Freelance Medical and Sci-
Technologies Consultant, Logicon Information
ence Writer, Garrett Park, Maryland
Solutions, Virginia Beach, Virginia
Marsha Lopez, Ph.D.:Faculty Research Associate,
Amy Loerch Strumolo:Freelance Writer and Editor,
University of Maryland, Center for Substance
Beverly Hills, Michigan
Abuse Research, Baltimore, Maryland
Liz Swain:Freelance Writer and Editor, San Diego,
L.A. McKeown:Freelance Medical Writer and Editor,
California
Spring Lake, New Jersey
E.C. Meszaros:Freelance Clinical Writer and Editor, Sue Wallace:Medical Writer, Santa Rosa, California
Cleveland, Ohio Ken Wells:Freelance Writer, Laguna Hills, California
Mark Mitchell, MD:Medical Writer, Seattle, Wash- JenniferWilson:Science Writer, Haddonfield, New
ington Jersey
i x
P R E FA C E
Drugs and Controlled Substances: Information for •Overview: Historical background is included here,
Studentsis a valuable source of information for students including the drug’s origin, development, and intro-
who want to learn more about commonly abused drugs duction to society. The current impact of the drug is
and addictive substances. The book is especially appro- discussed.
priate for investigative assignments, as the entries
•Chemical/organic composition: This section
include hard-to-find information on the physiological
includes discussion on the various compositions of
effects of these substances. The scope of this one-volume
the drug, if it is found in pure or altered forms, and
text covers illegal drugs, legal addictive drugs and other
whether or not it is often mixed with other sub-
substances, and commonly abused classes of prescrip-
stances or drugs.
tion and over-the-counter drugs.
•Ingestion methods: Availability of the drug or sub-
Drugs and Controlled Substances: Information for
stance in different forms, for example, pill or pow-
Students (DCSIS) includes information that is accurate,
der, is discussed.
unbiased, and highlighted by statistics. Sidebars provide
additional information on the legal, historical, or social •Therapeutic use: This section describes the legiti-
aspects of a particular drug or controlled substance. Def-
mate uses of the drug, including dosage information
initions for medical or drug-related terminology are
and conditions for which the drug is prescribed.
given, and variant names for drugs are featured.
•Usage trends: Statistical data is provided on the
How Each Entry is Organized national averages of usage and recent increases or
declines in use. Information is broken down for age,
Entries are arranged alphabetically and follow a
ethnicity, and gender when available.
standardized format that allows students to easily find
information, and also facilitates comparisons of different •Mental effects: The immediate, short-term, and
drugs. Rubrics include: long-term psychological effects of ingestion are dis-
cussed here.
•Official names, Street names: This section lists the
alternate names for a substance, including brand •Physiological effects: This section summarizes the
names, generic names, and chemical names for physical sensations found with drug use. Severe
drugs, as well as common “street” names for drugs complications, overdose reactions, and special risk
and other substances. groups are included. Long-term physiological prob-
lems associated with drug use are discussed.
•Drug classification: This section lists the type of
drug and its classification and schedule by the U.S. •Reactions with other drugs or substances: Sub-
Drug Enforcement Administration, if applicable. stances or drugs that are frequently combined with
x i
P r e f a c e
the topic drug are listed, and the interaction of the •Photos, illustrations, and charts within the entries that
two or more substances in the body are discussed. give the reader more information on the topic drug.
•Treatment and rehabilitation: Different types of •Achronology of key events in the history of drug
treatment and success rates are included here. and controlled substance use and abuse.
•Personal and social consequences: This section •An insert of color photographs, making it easier for
describes the impact of drug use on the user’s per- the reader to identify particular drugs.
sonal life, including friendships, family relation-
ships, and job performance. Also included are dis- •A glossary of drug-related terms used in the main
cussions of the drug’s use on society as a whole, body.
such as associated crime and violence.
•An appendix detailing the contents of the Con-
•Legal consequences: Legal issues, including histori- trolled Substances Act.
cal legality of the substance, are discussed here. Fed-
•A variant name index of chemical and “street”
eral guidelines, regulations, and penalties are included.
names that direct the reader to the main entry on the
•See also: This section lists other entries within the drug.
book that are related to the topic drug and may be of
interest to the reader. •Ageneral index allowing easy access to entry infor-
mation.
•Sources: Provided here are bibliographic citations
of books, periodical content, and websites the read-
Acknowledgments
er can go to for more information. Also lists contact
information for relevant organizations. Special thanks are due to our advisory board mem-
bers. The members of the advisory board performed a
•Key terms: This is a mini-glossary of terms in the
myriad of duties, from defining the scope of coverage
entry that may be unfamiliar to students.
to reviewing individual entries for accuracy and acces-
In addition, a DCSISentry may contain one or more sibility. The editors would like to express appreciation
of the following supplementary sidebars. to them for their time and for their contributions. The
contributors were skilled experts in their right, and
•Law and order: Briefly describes current or histor-
their efforts were also invaluable in the creation of this
ical legal issues and rulings.
book.
•Fact or fiction?: Addresses common misconcep-
tions about drug use. We Welcome Your Suggestions
•History notes: Mentions historical anecdotes rele-
The editors of Drugs and Controlled Substances:
vant to the topic drug.
Information for Students welcome your comments and
•In the news: Discusses the social implications and suggestions. Please direct all correspondence to:
current debate over drug use.
Editor, Drugs and Controlled Substances:
Information for Students
Additional Features
The Gale Group
In addition to general entry information, the reader 72500 Drake Rd.
may also benefit from these features: Farmington Hills, MI 48331-3535
x i i D r u g s a n d C o n t r o l l e d S u b s t a n c e s : I n f o r m a t i o n f o r S t u d e n t s
