Drug Delivery Nanosystems: From Bioinspiration and Biomimetics to Clinical Applications

435 Pages·2019·19.788 MB·\435

by  Natassa Pippa (Editor), Costas Demetzos (Editor), Stergios Pispas (Editor)

Drug Delivery
Nanosystems

Drug Delivery
Nanosystems
From Bioinspiration and Biomimetics
to Clinical Applications
edited by
Costas Demetzos
Stergios Pispas
Natassa Pippa
Published by
Pan Stanford Publishing Pte. Ltd.
Penthouse Level, Suntec Tower 3
8 Temasek Boulevard
Singapore 038988
Email: [email protected]
Web: www.panstanford.com
British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
Drug Delivery Nanosystems: From Bioinspiration and Biomimetics
to Clinical Applications
All rights reserved. This book, or parts thereof, may not be reproduced in any form
Copyright © 2019 by Pan Stanford Publishing Pte. Ltd.
or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording
or any information storage and retrieval system now known or to be invented,
without written permission from the publisher.
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ISBN 978-981-4774-92-5 (Hardcover)
ISBN 978-0-429-49054-5 (eBook)
Contents
Preface
1. Na nocry stals in Medical Applications xii1i
Leena Peltonen and Jouni Hirvonen
1.1 Introduction 2
1.2 Characteristics of Drug Nanocrystals 3
1.2.1 Improved Dissolution Rate 3
1.2.2 Increased Solubility 5
1.2.3 Improved Mucoadhesion 7
1.2.4 Possible Drug Candidates for
Nanocrystallization 7
1.2.5 Cell Interactions of Drug Nanocrystals 8
1.3 Preparation of Drug Nanocrystals 9
1.3.1 Top-Down Methods 9
1.3.2 Bottom-Up Methods 11
1.3.3 Combination Methods 12
1.3.4 Comparison of Different Techniques 12
1.3.5 Stabilizer 13
1.3.6 Quality-by-Design Approach 14
1.3.7 Scaling Up and Scaling Down 15
1.4 Applications of Drug Nanocrystals 16
2. 1Cy.5c lodeCxtorninc-lBuassioends N anosystems: Current Status 20
and Future Prospects 29
Cem Varan, Gamze Varan, Nazlı Erdoğar,
and Erem Bilensoy
2.1 Introduction 30
2.2 Historical Perspective of Cyclodextrins 31
2.3 Chemistry and Properties of Cyclodextrins 31
2.3.1 Natural Cyclodextrins 31
2.3.2 Modified Cyclodextrins 33
2.3.3 Amphiphilic Cyclodextrins 34
vi Contents
2.3.3.1 Nonionic amphiphilic
cyclodextrins 34
2.3.3.2 Cationic amphiphilic
cyclodextrins 35
2.3.3.3 Anionic amphiphilic
cyclodextrins 35
2.4 Cyclodextrin-Based Nanosystems 36
2.4.1 Cyclodextrin-Based Nanoparticles 36
2.4.2 Cyclodextrin-Based Nanosponges 41
2.4.3 Cyclodextrin-Based Liposomes 42
2.4.4 Cyclodextrin-Based Hydrogels 44
2.4.5 Cyclodextrin-Based Nanofibers 45
2.4.6 Cyclodextrin Molecular Imprints 47
2.4.7 Cyclodextrin Polymers 48
3. 2H.y5d rogeFlus tausr Ien tPeelrlisgpeenctt Divreusg Delivery Systems 4599
Natassa Pippa, Nikolaos Bouropoulos, Stergios Pispas,
Costas Demetzos, and Apostolos Papalois
3.1 Introduction 60
3.2 Hydrogels 63
3.2.1 PEGylated Hydrogels 65
3.2.2 Glucose-Responsive Hydrogels 66
3.2.3 pH-Responsive Hydrogels 66
3.2.4 Thermosensitive Hydrogels 67
3.3 Hydrogels for Controlled Release of Drugs and
Proteins 72
3.4 Other Applications of Hydrogels 76
3.4.1 Magnetic Hydrogels as Drug Delivery
Systems 78
3.5 Limitations for Hydrogel Administration 78
4. 3O.c6u lar DCroungc Dluesliivoenrsy a Nnadn Fousytustreem Pse:r Rspeececntitves 80
Developments and Future Challenges 93
Elena A. Mourelatou, Yiannis Sarigiannis, and
Christos C. Petrou
4.1 Introduction 94
4.2 Ocular Drug Delivery Nanosystems 96
Contents vii
4.2.1 Dendrimers 96
4.2.2 Liposomes 100
4.2.3 Niosomes 111
4.2.4 Nanoparticles 117
4.2.4.1 Solid lipid nanoparticles
and nanostructured lipid
carriers 118
4.2.4.2 Polymeric nanoparticles 126
4.2.4.3 Polymeric nanocapsules 130
4.2.4.4 Polymeric micelles 131
4.2.4.5 Inorganic gold and silver
nanoparticles 132
4.2.5 Nanosuspensions 133
4.2.6 Nanogels 135
4.2.7 Lipid-based liquid crystals
(cubosomes, hexasomes) 139
4.2.8 Microemulsions 142
4.2.9 Nanoemulsions 142
4.2.10 Quantum Dots 147
4.2.11 Contact Lenses 148
4.2.12 Proteins and Peptides 151
5. 4D.e3n drimFeurtsu ares aC hCaalnlednidgaetse a fnodr MPeicrrsopbeicctidivee sin 154
Prevention of HIV-1 Infection in Women: Steps
toward Their Clinical Evaluation 173
Daniel Sepúlveda-Crespo, Jose Luis Jiménez-Fuentes,
and María Angeles Muñoz-Fernández
5.1 Introduction 173
5.2 Dendritic Structures: Dendrimers as
New Tools in HIV Microbicide Strategies 176
5.2.1 Synthesis 176
5.2.1.1 Polyanionic carbosilane
dendrimers 177
5.2.2 Characterization of Dendrimers 178
5.2.3 Nomenclature and Types of
Dendrimers 178
5.2.4 Anionic and Cationic Dendrimers:
Biological Applications 179
viii Contents
5.3 The Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type I 180
5.3.1 The HIV-1 Morphology and Genome 180
5.3.2 The HIV-1 Life Cycle 181
5.3.3 The HIV-1 Pandemic and the Impact
of HIV-1 on Women 182
5.3.4 Microbicides for the Prevention
of HIV-1 183
5.3.4.1 Formulation 184
5.3.4.2 Brief evolution of clinical
vaginal microbicides 185
5.4 Biocompatibility and Toxicity 186
5.4.1 Polyanionic Carbosilane Dendrimers:
Cells and Viruses 187
5.4.2 Cell Viability and Stability of
Dendrimers in an Acid Medium 187
5.4.3 In Vitro Assays to Study the Anti-HIV
Activity of Dendrimers 188
5.4.4 Mechanism of Action of Dendrimers 190
5.4.5 In Vivo Infection Assays to Study the
Anti-HIV Activity of Dendrimers 190
5.4.6 Animal Models for HIV-1 Research 191
5.4.7 Polyanionic Carbosilane Dendrimers
6. Insights into Adsoarsp Mtioicnr oobf iSceidruesm Albumin onto Carbon 193
Nanotubes by Molecular Modeling 207
Marco Agostino Deriu, Gianvito Grasso,
Ginevra Licandro, and Andrea Danani
6.1 Introduction 208
6.2 Materials and Methods 210
6.3 Results and Discussion 212
7. 6M.4e tal NCaonnocclluusstieornss f or Biosensing and Drug Delivery 216
Applications 223
Malamatenia Koklioti and Nikos Tagmatarchis
7.1 Introduction 223
7.2 Definition of Metal Nanoclusters 224
7.3 Metal Nanoclusters for Biosensing 226
Contents ix
7.4 Metal Nanoclusters for Drug Delivery 233
8. 7Co.5u plingC oCnocmlupsuiotantsio nal and Experimental Techniques for 237
the Design, Characterization, and Performance of Self-
Assembled Dendrimers for Heparin and DNA Binding 243
Domenico Marson, Erik Laurini, Maurizio Fermeglia,
and Sabrina Pricl
8.1 Introduction 243
8.2 SAMul Ligand Displays and Their Selective
Preference for Heparin and DNA Binding 247
8.3 Highly Ordered Hierarchical Nanoscale
Structures in SAMul Cationic
Micelles/Heparin Systems 254
8.4 Effect of Buffer at Nanoscale Molecular
Recognition Interfaces 259
9. 8Sy.5n thetCico anncdlu Tshioenrasp eutic Development of Spherical 262
Nucleic Acids 267
Stanislav Rangelov and Ivaylo Dimitrov
9.1 Introduction 268
9.2 Spherical Nucleic Acids with Inorganic
Nanoparticle Cores 272
9.3 Spherical Nucleic Acids with Organic Cores 280
10. 9R.a4d iolabCeolnecdl uNsainonops articles as Diagnostic 286
and Therapeutic Agents of Cancer 291
Charalampos Tsoukalas, Maria-Argyro Karageorgou,
and Penelope Bouziotisa
10.1 Introduction 292
10.2 Radiolabeled Nanoparticles in Cancer Imaging 293
10.2.1 Nanoparticles and SPECT Imaging 294
10.2.1.1 Nanoparticles radiolabeled
99m
with Tc 295
10.2.1.2 Nanoparticles radiolabeled
111 125/131
with In and I 298