Droplets and Sprays : Applications for Combustion and Propulsion

433 Pages·2018·16.38 MB·English

by  Saptarshi Basu

Energy, Environment, and Sustainability
Saptarshi Basu
Avinash Kumar Agarwal
Achintya Mukhopadhyay
Chetankumar Patel Editors
Droplets and
Sprays
Applications for Combustion and
Propulsion
Energy, Environment, and Sustainability
Series editors
Avinash Kumar Agarwal, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute
of Technology, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India
Ashok Pandey, Distinguished Scientist, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology
Research, Lucknow, India
This books series publishes cutting edge monographs and professional books
focused on all aspects of energy and environmental sustainability, especially as it
relates to energy concerns. The Series is published in partnership with the
International Society for Energy, Environment, and Sustainability. The books in
these series are editor or authored by top researchers and professional across the
globe. The series aims at publishing state-of-the-art research and development in
areas including, but not limited to:
(cid:129) Renewable Energy
(cid:129) Alternative Fuels
(cid:129) Engines and Locomotives
(cid:129) Combustion and Propulsion
(cid:129) Fossil Fuels
(cid:129) Carbon Capture
(cid:129) Control and Automation for Energy
(cid:129) Environmental Pollution
(cid:129) Waste Management
(cid:129) Transportation Sustainability
More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/15901
⋅
Saptarshi Basu Avinash Kumar Agarwal
Achintya Mukhopadhyay
Chetankumar Patel
Editors
Droplets and Sprays
Applications for Combustion and Propulsion
123
Editors
Saptarshi Basu Achintya Mukhopadhyay
Department ofMechanical Engineering Department ofMechanical Engineering
Indian Institute of Science Bangalore Jadavpur University
Bangalore, Karnataka Kolkata, West Bengal
India India
Avinash KumarAgarwal Chetankumar Patel
Department ofMechanical Engineering Department ofMechanical Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur
Kanpur,Uttar Pradesh Kanpur,Uttar Pradesh
India India
ISSN 2522-8366 ISSN 2522-8374 (electronic)
Energy,Environment, andSustainability
ISBN978-981-10-7448-6 ISBN978-981-10-7449-3 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-7449-3
LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2017959311
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Preface
Energy demand has been rising remarkably due to increasing population and
urbanization.Globaleconomyandsocietyaresignificantlydependentontheenergy
availability because it touches every facet of human life and its activities. Trans-
portation and power generation are major examples of energy. Without the trans-
portationbymillionsofpersonalizedandmasstransportvehiclesandavailabilityof
24×7 power, human civilization would not have reached contemporary living
standards.
The first international conference on ‘Sustainable Energy and Environmental
Challenges’ (SEEC-2017) was organized under the auspices of ‘International
Society for Energy and Environmental Sustainability’ (ISEES) by the ‘Center of
Innovative and Applied Bioprocessing’ (CIAB), Mohali, from 26 to 28 February
2017.ISEESwasfoundedatIITKanpurinJanuary2014,withtheaimofspreading
knowledgeinthefieldsofenergy,environment,sustainabilityandcombustion.The
society’s goal is to contribute to the development of clean, affordable and secure
energy resources and a sustainable environment for the society and to spread
knowledge in the above-mentioned areas and awareness about the environmental
challenges,whichtheworldisfacingtoday.ISEESisinvolvedinvariousactivities
such as conducting workshops, seminars and conferences in the domains of its
interest. The society also recognizes the outstanding works done by the young
scientists and engineers for their contributions in these fields by conferring them
awards under various categories.
This conference provided a platform for discussions between eminent scientists
and engineers from various countries including India, the USA, South Korea,
Norway,MalaysiaandAustralia.Inthisconference,eminentspeakersfromallover
the world presented their views related to different aspects of energy, combustion,
emissions and alternative energy resource for sustainable development and cleaner
environment. The conference started with four mini-symposiums on very topical
themes, which included (i) New Fuels and Advanced Engine Combustion,
(ii) Sustainable Energy, (iii) Experimental and Numerical Combustion and
(iv) Environmental Remediation and Rail Road Transport. The conference had 14
technical sessions on topics related to energy and environmental sustainability and
v
vi Preface
panel discussions on ‘Challenges, Opportunities and Directions of Technical
EducationandResearchintheAreaofEnergy,EnvironmentandSustainability’to
wrap up the three-day technical extravaganza. The conference included 2 plenary
talks, 12 keynote talks, 42 invited talks from prominent scientists, 49 contributed
talks and 120 posters. A total of 234 participants and speakers attended this
three-day conference, which hosted Dr. V. K. Saraswat, Member, NITI Aayog,
India, as a chief guest for the award ceremony of ISEES. This conference laid out
the road map for technology development, opportunities and challenges in this
technologydomain.ThetechnicalsessionsintheconferenceincludedAdvancesin
IC Engines andFuels; Conversion ofBiomassto Biofuels; Combustion Processes;
RenewableEnergy:ProspectsandTechnologies;WastetoWealth—Chemicalsand
Fuels; Energy Conversion Systems; Numerical Simulation of Combustion Pro-
cesses; Alternate Fuels for IC Engines; Sprays and Heterogeneous Combustion of
Coal/ Biomass; Biomass Conversion to Fuels and Chemicals—Thermochemical
Processes; Utilization of Biofuels; and Environmental Protection and Health. All
these topics are very relevant for the country and the world in the present context.
The society is grateful to Prof. Ashok Pandey for organizing and hosting this
conference, which led to the germination of this series of monographs, which
included 16 books related to different aspects of energy, environment and sus-
tainability. This is the first time that such a voluminous and high-quality outcome
has been achieved by any society in India from one conference.
The editors would like to express their sincere gratitude to the authors for
submitting their work in a timely manner and revising it appropriately at short
notice. We would like to express our special thanks to Prof. Swarnendu Sen, Prof.
Koushik Ghosh, Prof. Pallab Sinha Mahapatra and Prof. Ranjan Ganguly, who
reviewed various chapters of this monograph and provided their valuable sugges-
tions to improve the manuscripts. We acknowledge the support received from
various funding agencies and organizations for successfully conducting of the first
ISEESconferenceSEEC-2017,wherethesemonographsgerminated.Theseinclude
DepartmentofScienceandTechnology,GovernmentofIndia(specialthankstoDr.
Sanjay Bajpai); TSI, India (special thanks to Dr. Deepak Sharma); Tesscorn, India
(specialthankstoSh.Satyanarayana);AVL,India;Horiba,India;Springer(special
thanks to Swati Mehershi); CIAB (special thanks to Dr. Sangwan).
Combustion of liquid fuel is a major source of energy production in today’s
world. Liquid fuel provides several advantages like high specific energy on a
volumetricbasisandrelativeeaseofstorage.Fuelissuppliedtothesedevicesinthe
form of a spray of tiny droplets. The ever-increasing demand for energy and
depleting reserves of fossil fuels has also led to exploration of newer grades of
liquid fuels and fuel blends. The combustion and emission characteristics of the
liquid-fuelled devices depend to a large extent on the behaviour of fuel droplets
individually and collectively in a spray. Critical combustion phenomena like
ignition, extinction, flame stability and emission strongly depend on the mean and
rangeofdropletsizeinaspray.Consequently,behaviourofindividualdropletsand
sprays continues to form a major focus of combustion and propulsion research.
Preface vii
Thepresentmonographcontains13differentchaptersdiscussingvariousaspects
of current research on droplets and sprays relevant to combustion and propulsion
applications. They include fundamental studies related to heating, evaporation and
combustion of individual droplets and basic mechanisms of spray formation and
also extend to latest analytical, numerical and experimental techniques for inves-
tigatingbehaviourofsprayindeviceslikecombustionenginesandgasturbines.In
addition, They also include several emerging areas like interaction between sprays
and flames and dynamic characteristics of spray combustion systems on the fun-
damental side and development of novel fuel injectors for specific devices on the
application side.
The monograph contains leading international researchers in the field of spray
combustion and propulsion and covers a diverse range of topics spanning funda-
mentals and applications, modelling and experiments. The chapters have been
developed in a pedagogical manner starting with the basics of the relevant topics
and background material and extending up to the latest developing developments.
Thus,wehopethemonographwouldbeusefultopractisingengineers,researchers
and graduate students working in the area of spray combustion and propulsion.
Bengaluru, India Saptarshi Basu
Kanpur, India Avinash Kumar Agarwal
Kolkata, India Achintya Mukhopadhyay
Kanpur, India Chetankumar Patel
Contents
Part I Multiphase Flow Fundamentals
1 Introduction to Droplets and Sprays: Applications
for Combustion and Propulsion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Saptarshi Basu, Avinash Kumar Agarwal, Achintya Mukhopadhyay
and Chetankumar Patel
2 Towards Combined Deterministic and Statistical Approaches
to Modeling Dispersed Multiphase Flows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Shankar Subramaniam and S. Balachandar
Part II Droplet Evaporation and Combustion
3 Modelling of Droplet Heating and Evaporation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
Sergei S. Sazhin
4 Combustion of Multi-component Fuel Droplets. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
Srinibas Karmakar, S. K. Som and D. Chaitanya Kumar Rao
Part III Atomization Principles and Injection Strategies
5 On Primary Atomization in Propulsive Device Fuel Injectors—A
Short Review. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
Kuppuraj Rajamanickam, Achintya Mukhopadhyay
and Saptarshi Basu
6 A Comprehensive Model for Estimation of Spray
Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
Souvick Chatterjee, Achintya Mukhopadhyay and Swarnendu Sen
7 Modeling of Flash Boiling Phenomenon in Internal
and Near-Nozzle Flow of Fuel Injectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167
Kaushik Saha, Michele Battistoni and Sibendu Som
ix
x Contents
8 Novel Fuel Injection Systems for High-Speed Combustors . . . . . . . 183
Kuppuraj Rajamanickam, Swapneel Roy and Saptarshi Basu
9 ExperimentalInvestigationofSprayCharacteristicsofKerosene,
Ethanol, and Ethanol-Blended Kerosene Using a Gas Turbine
Hybrid Atomizer. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217
Amlan Garai, Shinjan Ghosh, Swarnendu Sen
and Achintya Mukhopadhyay
10 Two-PhaseCharacterizationforTurbulentDispersionofSprays:
A Review of Optical Techniques. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247
Srikrishna Sahu, M. Manish and Yannis Hardalupas
Part IV Turbulent Spray Combustion
11 Turbulent Spray Combustion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277
Seong-Young Lee, Ahmed Abdul Moiz and Khanh D. Cung
12 Modelling of Variance and Co-variance in Turbulent
Flame–Droplet Interaction: A Direct Numerical Simulation
Analysis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 313
Sean P. Malkeson, Daniel H. Wacks and Nilanjan Chakraborty
Part V Droplet and Spray Dynamics
13 Dynamics of Droplet Break-Up. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 369
Binita Pathak, Ranganathan Kumar and Saptarshi Basu
14 Intermittency: A State that Precedes Thermoacoustic
Instability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 403
Samadhan A. Pawar and R. I. Sujith