Table Of ContentDriver Reactions to
Automated Vehicles
A Practical Guide for Design
and Evaluation
Transportation Human Factors: Aerospace,
Aviation, Maritime, Rail, and Road Series
Series Editor
Professor Neville A. Stanton
University of Southampton, UK
Automobile Automation
Distributed Cognition on the Road
Victoria A. Banks, Neville A. Stanton
Eco-Driving: From Strategies to Interfaces
Rich C. McIlroy, Neville A. Stanton
Driver Reactions to Automated Vehicles
A Practical Guide for Design and Evaluation
Alexander Eriksson, Neville A. Stanton
Latent Error Detection
Making Systems More Resilient
Justin R.E. Saward, Neville A. Stanton
Systems Thinking in Practice
Applications of the Event Analysis of Systemic Teamwork Method
Neville A. Stanton, Paul M. Salmon, Guy Walker
Driver Distraction
A Sociotechnical Systems Approach
Katie J. Parnell, Neville A. Stanton, Katie L. Plant
Driver Reactions to
Automated Vehicles
A Practical Guide for Design
and Evaluation
By
Alexander Eriksson and Neville A. Stanton
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For my family – Alexander
For Maggie, Josh and Jemima – Neville
Contents Contents
Contents
Preface.......................................................................................................................xi
Authors ...................................................................................................................xiii
Acknowledgements ..................................................................................................xv
Definitions and Abbreviations ...............................................................................xvii
Chapter 1 Introduction ..........................................................................................1
1.1 Background ................................................................................1
1.2 Research Motivation ..................................................................6
1.3 Research Aims ...........................................................................7
1.4 Outline of the Book ...................................................................9
1.4.1 Chapter 1: Introduction ................................................9
1.4.2 Chapter 2: A Linguistics Approach for Assessing
Human–Automation Interaction ...................................9
1.4.3 Chapter 3: A Toolbox for Automated Driving
Research in the Simulator ............................................9
1.4.4 Chapter 4: Take-Over Time in Highly
Automated Vehicles ....................................................10
1.4.5 Chapter 5: Contrasting Simulated with On-Road
Transitions of Control .................................................10
1.4.6 Chapter 6: After-Effects of Driver-Paced
Transitions of Control .................................................11
1.4.7 Chapter 7: Augmented Reality Guidance for
Control Transitions in Automated Vehicles ...............11
1.4.8 Chapter 8: Conclusions and Future Work...................11
1.5 Contribution to Knowledge .....................................................12
References ..........................................................................................13
Chapter 2 A Linguistics Approach for Assessing Human–Automation
Interaction...........................................................................................17
2.1 Introduction .............................................................................17
2.2 Principles of Communication ..................................................19
2.3 Case Studies.............................................................................21
2.3.1 Method .......................................................................21
2.3.2 Air France 447 ...........................................................22
2.3.2.1 Synopsis ......................................................22
2.3.2.2 Analysis ......................................................25
2.3.3 ComAir 3272 ..............................................................26
2.3.3.1 Synopsis ......................................................26
2.3.3.2 Analysis ......................................................26
2.3.4 Summary of Case Studies ..........................................28
vii
viii Contents
2.4 Lessons Learnt ........................................................................28
2.5 Concluding Remarks ...............................................................30
2.6 Future Directions .....................................................................31
References ..........................................................................................31
Chapter 3 A Toolbox for Automated Driving Research in the Simulator...........37
3.1 Simulators ................................................................................37
3.1.1 STISIM .......................................................................38
3.2 Algorithms ...............................................................................39
3.2.1 Longitudinal Automation ...........................................40
3.2.2 Control States .............................................................42
3.2.2.1 Follow .........................................................42
3.2.2.2 Adapt ...........................................................42
3.2.2.3 Cruise ..........................................................44
3.2.3 Lateral Automation ....................................................44
3.3 Algorithm Performance ...........................................................45
3.3.1 Car-Following .............................................................45
3.3.2 Lane-Keeping .............................................................45
3.3.3 Behavioural Validity ..................................................47
3.4 Summary .................................................................................47
References ..........................................................................................48
Chapter 4 Take-Over Time in Highly Automated Vehicles ................................53
4.1 Method .....................................................................................58
4.1.1 Participants .................................................................58
4.1.2 Equipment ..................................................................58
4.1.3 Experiment Design .....................................................60
4.1.4 Procedure ...................................................................62
4.1.5 Dependent Variables ..................................................62
4.2 Analysis ...................................................................................63
4.3 Results .....................................................................................64
4.4 Discussion ................................................................................64
4.4.1 Relinquishing Control to Automation ........................64
4.4.2 Resuming Control from Automation ..........................66
4.5 Conclusions ..............................................................................69
4.5.1 Relinquishing Control to Automation ........................69
4.5.2 Resuming Control from Automation ..........................70
4.6 Future Directions .....................................................................70
References ..........................................................................................71
Chapter 5 Contrasting Simulated with On-Road Transitions of Control ............75
5.1 Method .....................................................................................76
5.1.1 Phase 1 ........................................................................76
Contents ix
5.1.2 Phase 2 ........................................................................77
5.1.2.1 Participants .................................................77
5.1.2.2 Equipment ...................................................77
5.2 Dependent Variables ................................................................78
5.3 Procedure .................................................................................78
5.4 Analysis ...................................................................................79
5.5 Results .....................................................................................80
5.6 Discussion ................................................................................82
5.7 Conclusions ..............................................................................87
5.8 Future Directions .....................................................................87
References ..........................................................................................87
Chapter 6 After-Effects of Driver-Paced Transitions of Control ........................91
6.1 Method .....................................................................................96
6.1.1 Dependent Variables ..................................................96
6.2 Analysis ...................................................................................97
6.3 Results .....................................................................................97
6.3.1 Mean Absolute Lane Position ....................................97
6.3.2 Standard Deviation of Steering Angle .......................97
6.4 Discussion ................................................................................98
6.5 Conclusions ............................................................................104
6.6 Future Directions ...................................................................105
References ........................................................................................106
Chapter 7 Augmented Reality Guidance for Control Transitions in
Automated Driving ...........................................................................109
7.1 Method ...................................................................................113
7.1.1 Participants ...............................................................113
7.1.2 Apparatus .................................................................113
7.1.3 Take-Over Scenario ..................................................113
7.1.4 Human–Machine Interface ......................................114
7.1.5 Experimental Design ................................................117
7.1.6 Procedure .................................................................117
7.1.7 Dependent Measures ................................................117
7.2 Analysis .................................................................................118
7.3 Results ...................................................................................119
7.3.1 Eye Movements ........................................................123
7.3.2 Satisfaction and Usefulness Scale ............................123
7.3.3 Overall Workload .....................................................127
7.4 Discussion ..............................................................................128
7.4.1 Success Rate and Braking Rate ................................128
7.4.2 Response-Times........................................................130
7.4.3 Gaze Behaviour ........................................................132
7.5 Conclusion .............................................................................133
References ........................................................................................134
