Drinking water treatment for developing countries physical, chemical and biological pollutants

228 Pages·2019·4.775 MB·English

by  Kumar, Jyoti Kishen, Pandit, Aniruddha Bhalchandra

Drinking Water Treatment for Developing Countries
Physical, Chemical and Biological Pollutants
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Drinking Water Treatment
for Developing Countries
Physical, Chemical and Biological
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3 By
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oi: Aniruddha Bhalchandra Pandit
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g | Institute of Chemical Technology, Mumbai, India
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c. Email: [email protected]
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n htt Jyoti Kishen Kumar
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9 Formerly Institute of Chemical Technology, Mumbai, India
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2 Email: [email protected]
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oi: PrintISBN:978-1-78801-019-1
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g | PDFISBN:978-1-78801-293-5
or EPUBISBN:978-1-78801-762-6
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bs.r AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary
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s:// rAniruddhaBhalchandraPanditandJyotiKishenKumar2019
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h 2 Apartfromfairdealingforthepurposesofresearchfornon-commercialpurposesorfor
arc privatestudy,criticismorreview,aspermittedundertheCopyright,DesignsandPatents
M Act1988andtheCopyrightandRelatedRightsRegulations2003,thispublicationmaynot
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5- Foreword
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10. Water is aptly called ‘the elixir of life’ and its role in the sustenance of
doi: lifeonearthcannotbeoveremphasized.Highqualitydrinkingwaterplaysa
g | huge role in the survival and health of mankind. Clean and safe drinking
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c. water can be assured if the source water is relatively free of physical,
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s.r chemical and biological contaminants. Therefore, effective treatment strat-
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p egies that will render water safe for potable use are in great demand. This
ps:// is a challenge faced by most countries worldwide, but the impact is
n htt pronounced in developing nations due to socio-economic constraints on
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9 the people living there.
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20 In continuation of the earlier book written by the same authors titled
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c DrinkingWaterDisinfectionTechniques,thisbookhastriedtoaddresssimilar
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M issues,especiallyinthecontextofdevelopingcountries,sincethechallenges
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n 0 faced by such countries in translating the known water disinfection tech-
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d niques to their situation are unique. The book addresses many traditional
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sh techniques, which have been practiced for years by the local communities,
ubli depending on the available local resources and affordability. The same
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techniques now appear in the form of engineered knowledge rather than
driven by the artisan skill set.
ItwasnicetoseethereferencetothebooktitledWaterCatchers,whichhas
qualitatively described many such attempts of water harvesting based on
need and employing frugal engineering techniques, which appear to be the
motivation for this book. Needless to say that the treatment methods must
be simple, easy to implement and most importantly, cost effective.
In fact, more precisely, for assured success, the methods must meet the
ASSURED criteria created by me recently, which stand for
A (affordable), S (scalable), S (sustainable), U (user friendly), R (rapid),
E (excellent) and D (distinctive).
DrinkingWaterTreatmentforDevelopingCountries:Physical,ChemicalandBiological
Pollutants
ByAniruddhaBhalchandraPanditandJyotiKishenKumar
rAniruddhaBhalchandraPanditandJyotiKishenKumar2019
PublishedbytheRoyalSocietyofChemistry,www.rsc.org
v
View Online
vi Foreword
Due to a significant reduction in the ground water level, as a result of
excessive draw and a general decline in the quality and quantity of surface-
watersources,itisimportanttolookatnon-conventionalwatersourcessuch
as sewage water, industrial effluent and harvested rain water as an alter-
nativewater source. Theauthorshaveaddressedthisissuequantitativelyin
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5- as explained above.
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9 The topics covered by Pandit and Jyoti include the now well-established
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0 and well-practiced (though on an individual and small community level)
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7 technique of Solar water disinfection (‘SoDis’) and its hybrid variants, the
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7 use of traditional herbal techniques, newer innovative techniques such as
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39/ the water purifying bicycle, disinfecting hand pump etc. This makes the
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0.1 book an interesting read. The quantitative description of these techniques
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oi: alongwiththecostcomparisondependingonthescaleofoperation,allows
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g | the readers, researchers and practitioners to make a judicious choice.
or The quantitative interpretation of various case studies validates earlier
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s.rs recommendations. More importantly, it should help the researchers to
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u modify/improveandinnovateevenfurtherinthisareaofwatermanagement.
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s:// I hope the thought and action leadership shown in the book will help
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htt society at large on this vital global challenge of ‘quality water for all’.
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1 R. A. Mashelkar FRS
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h National Research Professor
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ar Former President, Global Research Alliance
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5- Preface
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10. Water treatment has always been an ever-evolving area of study globally
doi: and it is particularly important when the treatment is for providing safe
g | drinking water to human beings. Water is required for existence and for
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c. the sustenance of normal metabolic activities in humans and other
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s.r animals,andhence,inadditiontobeingaestheticallyappealing,itmustbe
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p devoid of any pollutants to ensure the safe health of the end users. How-
ps:// ever,itiscommontoseethatwaterinmostpartsoftheworldisbecoming
n htt progressively unfit for human consumption. This is largely because of
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9 the myriad pollutants that find their way into surface and groundwaters.
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20 Industrialization, snowballing environmental pollution, and countless
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c anthropological activities that lead to the contamination of water with
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n 0 qualityofdrinkingwaterworldwide.Thischallengeisfurthermagnifiedin
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d thedevelopingnationsastheeconomicconditionsofpeoplelivinginsuch
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sh regions are generally poor and they cannot employ expensive water treat-
ubli menttechniquesthatareroutinelyusedinthedevelopedregionsglobally.
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Therefore, water treatment methods that are simple, easily accessible and
low-priced are the ones that would be acceptable to the rural and
developing countries of the world and such techniques have been
addressed in this book.
Drinking water treatment was the focus of our previous book, titled
Drinking water Disinfection Techniques. However, we discussed water dis-
infection methods that can be used globally and many of those techniques
may not be feasible in the milieu of developing nations. Hence, this book
wasconceptualizedkeepingtheconstraintsfacedbydevelopingcountriesin
mind, which cause specific and yet unique challenges (both social and
economic). It is broadly based on the paper published by us in the journal
DrinkingWaterTreatmentforDevelopingCountries:Physical,ChemicalandBiological
Pollutants
ByAniruddhaBhalchandraPanditandJyotiKishenKumar
rAniruddhaBhalchandraPanditandJyotiKishenKumar2019
PublishedbytheRoyalSocietyofChemistry,www.rsc.org
vii
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viii Preface
Annual Reviews of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering in 2015, titled
‘Clean Water for Developing Countries’, but substantially elaborated with
much more quantitative information and the inclusion of several case
studies. A nice little book titled Water Catchers published by Nimby books,
new Delhi, India, listing out inspirational stories, where communities have
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5- water to successfully emerge victorious from desperate situations, was a
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9 source of inspiration to complete this book writing exercise.
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0 The basic emphasis of this book is to describe and qualitatively compare
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7 various water treatment techniques that can be successfully used in
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7 developing countries. These include both the traditional and/or con-
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39/ ventionalmethodsandthenovelemergingtechniquesforwatertreatmentat
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0.1 small and large scale, for potable as well as for other domestic activities.
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oi: An attempt has been made to provide a basis for the selection of one or
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g | more of these techniques based on the pollutants to be removed, scale of
or operation and the cost of the treatment system along with an end use
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s.rs specification of the treated water.
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u Water conservation is also of paramount importance due to the severe
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s:// water crunch faced by many nations. Although various ways to save water
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htt are being adopted worldwide, there is still scope for further improvisation.
on One of the highlights of this book is the discussion of possible methods
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1 fortreatingharvested rainwaterindevelopingcountries.Moreover,various
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h options available for waste water reuse that are suitable in the context of
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ar developing nations are also discussed, elaborated and recommended.
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6 The specific case studies highlighted and explained herein have been
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on selectedfromdifferentpartsoftheglobetoincludeinstanceswheresimple
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e and cost-effective technologies have been deployed to cater to different
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bli scales of operation, offering yet another perspective to this topic of dis-
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P cussion. Finally, the book presents the readers with a vast array of infor-
mation including thelatestdevelopmentsonthistopic, covers adiscussion
on various treatment techniques for the removal of physical, chemical,
biological and emerging pollutants based on the water quality guidelines
and suggests possible research areas for future work as recommendations,
ineachchaptertowardstheend.Sincethissubjectiscontinuouslygrowing,
as in the case of any area of research, it is difficult to cover all the work
done and published so far. However, we have tried our best to compile all
the relevant work and we hope this book finds its place in the shelves of
all those readers who are in some way connected with water treatment and
management in developing countries.
Aniruddha B. Pandit
Jyoti Kishen Kumar
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5- Acknowledgements
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10. Abookonatopicofglobalimportanceandrelevancewouldrequireavariety
doi: of inputs in various forms from a variety of sources.
g | Professor Aniruddha B. Pandit acknowledges the assistance, discussion
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c. atvariousstagesandinvaluablesuggestionsmadebyhisteachersProfessor
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s.r J. B. Joshi and Professor M. M. Sharma. We are also grateful to Dr R. A.
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p Mashelkar, FRS, National Research Professor and Ex-President, Global
ps:// Research Alliance for taking some time out of his busy schedule to write a
n htt foreword to this book. Prof. Pandit also gratefully acknowledges his
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9 students, namely Dr Shankar Kausley, Mr. Chandrakant Holkar, Mr Ketan
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20 Desai, Mr Jayesh Mevada, Mr Gaurav Dastane, Dr Dipak Pinjari and a score
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c of others for their contributions in discussions, experimentations, typing
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M andcorrectionsetc,withoutwhichthisbookwritingexercisewouldnothave
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n 0 been completed. He also acknowledges his colleagues, namely Prof. G. D.
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d Yadav (Vice Chancellor, ICT Mumbai), Dr Parag Gogate, Dr B. D. Kulkarni
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sh among others for their valuable course corrections and orientational chan-
ubli ges from time to time.
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Prof. Pandit also acknowledges the University Grant’s commission (Govt.
ofIndia),DepartmentofScienceandTechnologyandNationalacademicsof
India fortheir assistanceinvariousformsandespeciallyProf.TabaKalulu,
FTWAS, of Universit´e de Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo for his
excellent treatise on hybrid Solar water disinfection.
Prof.Panditalsoacknowledgesthetimesacrificeofhisimmediatefamily
while completing this manuscript.
Dr Jyoti Kishen Kumar expresses her gratitude to her teacher, guide and
mentor, Prof. Pandit, for giving her an opportunity to co-author this book.
Sheacknowledgeshisvaluableguidance,inputandadvicethroughouttheir
writing journey. Dr Jyoti also acknowledges Prof. J. B. Joshi, Prof. M. M.
Sharma and Prof. G. D. Yadav (Vice Chancellor, ICT Mumbai) for being a
DrinkingWaterTreatmentforDevelopingCountries:Physical,ChemicalandBiological
Pollutants
ByAniruddhaBhalchandraPanditandJyotiKishenKumar
rAniruddhaBhalchandraPanditandJyotiKishenKumar2019
PublishedbytheRoyalSocietyofChemistry,www.rsc.org
ix
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x Acknowledgements
sourceofinspiration.SheisthankfulfortheconstantmotivationfromProf.
S. S. Lele. Dr Jyoti acknowledges all the students of Prof. Pandit, especially
Dr Shankar Kausley and Mr Ketan Desai, for their contribution in the
shaping of this book.
Dr Jyoti heartfully acknowledges the love and support of her family,
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5- in all endeavors. She expresses her gratitude to her mother, husband and
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9 in-laws for their encouragement and support. This book would not have
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7 dearest daughters, Ranjini and Rajashree.
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