Drinking Water Treatment: An Introduction

324 Pages·2019·5.103 MB·English

by  Eckhard Worch

EckhardWorch
DrinkingWaterTreatment
Also of Interest
AdsorptionTechnologyinWaterTreatment
Fundamentals,Processes,andModeling
Worch,2012
ISBN978-3-11-024022-1,e-ISBN978-3-11-024023-8
Hydrochemistry
BasicConceptsandExercises
Worch,2015
ISBN978-3-11-031553-0,e-ISBN978-3-11-031556-1
TheHydrogenBond
ABondforLife
Hüttermann,2019
ISBN978-3-11-062794-7,e-ISBN978-3-11-062801-2
WastewaterTreatment
ApplicationofNewFunctionalMaterials
Chen,Luo,Luo,Pang,2018
ISBN978-3-11-054278-3,e-ISBN978-3-11-054438-1
Eckhard Worch
Drinking Water
Treatment
|
An Introduction
Author
Prof.Dr.EckhardWorch
TechnischeUniversitätDresden
InstitutfürWasserchemie
01062Dresden
[email protected]
ISBN978-3-11-055154-9
e-ISBN(PDF)978-3-11-055155-6
e-ISBN(EPUB)978-3-11-055166-2
LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2019941243
BibliographicinformationpublishedbytheDeutscheNationalbibliothek
TheDeutscheNationalbibliothekliststhispublicationintheDeutscheNationalbibliografie;
detailedbibliographicdataareavailableontheInternetathttp://dnb.dnb.de.
©2019WalterdeGruyterGmbH,Berlin/Boston
Coverimage:WLADIMIRBULGAR/SciencePhotoLibrary/GettyImages
Typesetting:le-texpublishingservicesGmbH,Leipzig
Printingandbinding:CPIbooksGmbH,Leck
www.degruyter.com
Preface
Wateristhebasisofalllife.Forhumans,waterisessentialforsurvivalandtherefore
irreplaceable.Unfortunately,thewaterthatcanbetakenfromtheavailablewaterre-
sourcesisfrequently notcleanandthusitneedstobetreatedbeforeuse.Thegood
newsisthatspecifictreatmenttechnologiesareavailableforallrequirements.
Thepurposeofthistextbookistogiveanintroductiontothecommonmethodsof
drinkingwatertreatment.Itisintendedtomeettheneedsofreaderswhoarenewto
thesubjectandarelookingforacompacttextbookthatprovidesaconciseandeasyto
understandintroductiontothetopic,requireslittlepriorknowledge,andfacilitates
aneasieraccesstomorecomprehensivemonographsandhandbooks.Thetextbookis
basedon25yearsofexperienceinteachinghydrochemistryandwatertreatmentata
beginnerlevelinvariousscienceandengineeringstudycourses.
Thescopeofthetextwaschosentobesuitablestudymaterialforaone-ortwo-
semesterlecture.Ofcourse,thatrequiredacertainrestrictiontotheessentialsandthe
couragetoomitsometopics.Accordingly,thefocusofthistextbookisonthetheoreti-
calbasicsandpracticalaspectsofthevarioustechnologiesthatareavailableforsolv-
ingdrinkingwaterqualityproblems.Bycontrast,theinclusionofeconomicaspects
andnationalregulationsaswellasthediscussionofproblemsofwaterdistribution
andwater-treatmentresidualswerelargelydispensedwith.
TheintroductoryChapter1givesanoverviewofthewatercycle,waterresources,
waterquality,andgeneraltreatmentoptions.ThefollowingChapter2intendstopro-
vide some basic knowledge on chemical reactions and process engineering that is
necessary tounderstandthebasicsofthetreatment processespresented inthefol-
lowingchapters.Thischapterisaimedprimarilyatreaderswhoarenotsofamiliar
withthesebasics.Otherreadersmayskipthischapter.FromChapter3to14,allim-
portantprocessesthatareusedindrinkingwatertreatmentarepresented:riverbank
filtration(Chapter3),filtrationandsedimentation(Chapter4),membraneseparation
processes(Chapter5),gas–liquidexchange(Chapter6),coagulationandflocculation
(Chapter 7), deacidification (Chapter 8), softening and dealkalization (Chapter 9),
deironinganddemanganization(Chapter10),ionexchange(Chapter11),adsorption
(Chapter 12), oxidation (Chapter 13), and disinfection(Chapter 14). The text is sup-
plemented by numerous figures and tables. The attached glossary explains a large
numberofscientifictermsrelatedtodrinkingwatertreatment.
Iwouldbepleasedifthisbookwouldfindabroadacceptancebystudentsand
otherreaderswhoareinterestedinthebasicsofdrinkingwatertreatment.
LastbutnotleastIwouldliketothankallthosewhocontributedinsomewayto
thisbook.SpecialthankstomywifeKarolaforherpatienceduringthetimesofinten-
https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110551556-201
VI | Preface
sivewriting.Thankstomystudentsandcolleagueswhosequestionsanddiscussions
wereanimportantsourceofinspiration.ThankstothestaffofthepublishinghouseDe
Gruyter.Iappreciatetheusefulsupportandthefruitfulcooperationduringthework
onthisbook.
Dresden,March2019 EckhardWorch
Contents
Preface|V
1 Introduction|1
1.1 Naturalandurbanwatercycle|1
1.2 Waterconstituentsandwaterquality|4
1.2.1 Introduction|4
1.2.2 Freshwaterresources|4
1.2.3 Microorganisms|6
1.2.4 Abioticparticulatematter|8
1.2.5 Dissolvedinorganicwaterconstituents|9
1.2.6 Dissolvedorganicwaterconstituents|13
1.3 Treatmentoptions|15
1.3.1 Introductionandoverview|15
1.3.2 Briefcharacterizationofthemostimportanttreatmentprocesses|17
1.3.3 Treatmenttrainexamples|19
2 Somebasicsofhydrochemistryandprocessengineering|25
2.1 Introduction|25
2.2 Concentrationsandactivities|25
2.3 Chemicalequilibria|27
2.3.1 Generalaspects|27
2.3.2 Gas–waterpartitioning|29
2.3.3 Acid/baseequilibria|30
2.3.4 Precipitation/dissolutionequilibria|33
2.3.5 Redoxreactions|35
2.3.6 Sorption/adsorption|38
2.4 Reactionkinetics|40
2.5 Masstransfer|42
2.6 Reactortypes|45
2.6.1 Introduction|45
2.6.2 Reactorsforhomogeneousreactions|46
2.6.3 Reactorsforgas–liquidexchange|48
2.6.4 Reactorsforliquid–solidtransfer|51
3 Riverbankfiltration|57
3.1 Introduction|57
3.2 Attenuationprocessesduringriverbankfiltration|59
3.3 Simplifiedmasstransportmodelingunderconsiderationofsorption
andbiodegradation|60
VIII | Contents
3.3.1 Generalassumptions|60
3.3.2 Masstransportinfluencedbysorption|61
3.3.3 Masstransportinfluencedbybiodegradation|63
3.3.4 Masstransportinfluencedbysorptionandbiodegradation|63
3.4 Laboratory-scalesimulationofriverbankfiltrationprocesses|64
3.4.1 Assessmentoforganicsubstanceswithrespecttotheirfateduring
riverbankfiltration|64
3.4.2 Biodegradation|65
3.4.3 Sorption|66
3.4.4 Sorptionandbiodegradation|68
3.4.5 Specialcase:NOMbreakthroughcurves|68
3.5 Predictionofmodelparameters|70
3.6 Practicalaspects|71
4 Sedimentationandfiltration|75
4.1 Introduction|75
4.2 Sedimentation|76
4.2.1 Theoreticalbasics|76
4.2.2 Sedimentationbasins|79
4.2.3 Designconsiderations|80
4.3 Filtration|83
4.3.1 Filtrationprocesses:classificationandbasicprinciples|83
4.3.2 Filtrationmechanisms|86
4.3.3 Depthfiltrationtheory|87
4.3.4 Practicalaspects|92
5 Membraneseparationprocesses|97
5.1 Introduction|97
5.2 Generalaspects|100
5.2.1 Operationalmodes|100
5.2.2 Basicprocessparameters|101
5.2.3 Foulingandscaling|104
5.3 Microfiltrationandultrafiltration|105
5.3.1 Membranematerials|105
5.3.2 Membranemodulesandmembraneoperation|105
5.3.3 Combinationofmicrofiltration/ultrafiltrationwithother
treatmenttechniques|108
5.4 Nanofiltrationandreverseosmosis|108
5.4.1 Osmosisandosmoticpressure|108
5.4.2 Masstransfer|110
5.4.3 Concentrationpolarizationandscaling|111
Contents | IX
5.4.4 Membranematerials|113
5.4.5 Membranemodulesandoperation|114
6 Coagulationandflocculation|117
6.1 Introductionandtreatmentobjectives|117
6.2 Coagulation|118
6.2.1 Stabilityofcolloidalsolutions|118
6.2.2 Thezetapotentialasacharacteristicparameteroftheelectric
doublelayer|122
6.2.3 Destabilizationofcolloidalsolutionsbycoagulationprocesses|123
6.2.4 Coagulants|125
6.3 Flocculation|128
6.3.1 Principle|128
6.3.2 Flocculants|129
6.3.3 Kineticaspects|130
6.4 Importantinfluencefactorsandprocessconditions|132
6.4.1 Generalaspects|132
6.4.2 pHvalue|133
6.4.3 Temperature|135
6.4.4 Typeanddosageofcoagulantsandflocculantaids|135
6.4.5 Preozonation|136
6.5 Coagulation/flocculationsystems|137
7 Gas–liquidexchange|141
7.1 Introduction|141
7.2 Theoreticalbasics|142
7.2.1 Gas–waterpartitioning|142
7.2.2 Masstransfer|146
7.2.3 Designequationsforcounterflowpackedcolumns|149
7.3 Reactorsforgas–liquidexchange|153
8 Deacidification|157
8.1 Introductionandtreatmentobjective|157
8.2 Thecalco–carbonicequilibrium|157
8.2.1 Basics|157
8.2.2 TillmanscurveandLangelierequation|160
8.3 Deacidificationprocesses|163
8.3.1 Treatmentoptions|163
8.3.2 Mechanicaldeacidification|163
8.3.3 Chemicaldeacidification|166
8.3.4 Practicalaspects|169
X | Contents
9 Softeninganddealkalization|171
9.1 Introductionandtreatmentobjectives|171
9.2 Hardnessofwater:definitionsandunits|172
9.3 Softeninganddealkalizationprocesses|175
9.3.1 Overview|175
9.3.2 Precipitationprocesses|176
9.3.3 Acidaddition|181
9.3.4 Ionexchangeprocesses|182
9.3.5 Membraneprocesses|185
9.4 Specialcase:hardeningofwater|187
10 Deironinganddemanganization|189
10.1 Introductionandtreatmentobjectives|189
10.2 Basicsofdeironinganddemanganization|192
10.2.1 Generalconsiderationsandthermodynamicaspects|192
10.2.2 Oxidationmechanismsandkineticaspects|195
10.3 Practicalaspects|197
11 Ionexchange|203
11.1 Typesandapplicationsofionexchangeresins|203
11.2 Selectivityofionexchangeresins|207
11.3 Hydrochemicaleffectsofionexchangeprocesses|208
11.4 Practicalapplicationsofionexchangeresins|211
11.4.1 Generalconsiderations|211
11.4.2 Softeninganddealkalization|214
11.4.3 Demineralization|219
11.4.4 Removalofnitrate|223
11.4.5 Removalofhumicsubstances|224
11.4.6 Removalofheavymetals|225
12 Adsorption|227
12.1 Introduction|227
12.2 Activatedcarbons|228
12.2.1 Production|228
12.2.2 Adsorptionproperties|229
12.3 Theoreticalbasicsoftheadsorptionprocess|230
12.3.1 Adsorptionequilibrium|230
12.3.2 Adsorptionkinetics|234
12.3.3 Adsorptiondynamicsinfixed-bedadsorbers|236
12.4 Practicalaspectsofactivatedcarbonadsorption|240
12.4.1 Applicationofpowderedactivatedcarboninslurryreactors|240
12.4.2 Applicationofgranularactivatedcarboninfixed-bedadsorbers|242