Table Of ContentNATIONAL DRILLING ASSOCIATION
DRILLER’S MANUAL
Edited by
Thomas C. Ruda
Peter J. Bosscher
NDA · www.nda4u.com · Tel: 877-NDA-is4u (877-632-4748)
Published 1990; Revised 2005
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2.2. Transmissivity
2.3. Groundwater Flow Velocities
2.4. Collection of Hydrogeologic Data
2.4.1. Observation Wells
2.4.2. Piezometers
2.4.3. Potentiometric Surface
CHAPTER 3.WELL HYDRAULICS
3.1. Definition of Terms
3.1.1. Static Water Level
3.1.2. Pumping Water Level
3.1.3. Drawdown
3.1.4. Residual Drawdown
3.1.5. Well Yield
3.1.6. Specific Capacity
3.2. Nature of Converging Flow
3.2.1. Radius of Influence
3.2.2. Coefficient of Storage
3.2.3. Coefficient of Transmissivity
3.3. Cone of Depression
CHAPTER 4.WELL DRILLING METHODS
4.1. Cable Tool Method
4.2. Direct Rotary Drilling
4.3. Reverse Circulation Rotary Drilling
4.3.1. During Drilling
4.4. Air Drilling Systems
4.5. In-Verse Drilling
4.6. Dual-Wall Reverse Circulation Rotary Method
4.7. Drill-Through Casing Driver
4.8. Boring with Earth Augers
4.8.1. Bucket Auger
4.8.2. Solid-Stem Auger
4.8.3. Hollow-Stem Auger
4.9. Drilling Procedures when Boulders are Encountered
4.9.1. Cable Tool
4.9.2. Direct Rotary
4.9.3. Reverse Rotary
4.9.4. Air Rotary with Casing Driver
4.9.5. Several General Points can be Made Concerning Drilling Through Boulders
4.10 Fishing Tools
4.11. Grouting and Sealing Well Casing
4.11.1. Proportioning Cement Grout
4.11.2. Mixing the Grout
4.11.3. Slurry Placement Methods
4.11.4. Tremie Pipe Outside Casing
4.11.5. Tremie Pipe Inside Casing (Inner String Method)
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4.11.6. Casing Method of Grouting
4.11.7. Grouting Failures
4.11.8. Installation of Bentonite Grout
4.12. Plumbness and Alignment
4.13. Conclusions
CHAPTER 5. DRILLING FLUIDS
5.1. Types of Drilling Fluids
5.2. Functions of a Drilling Fluid
5.3. Properties of Water Based Drilling Fluids
5.3.1. Density
5.3.2. Flow Characteristics of Drilling Fluids
5.3.3. Viscosity
5.3.3.1. Viscosity of Drilling Fluids Made with Clay Additives
5.3.3.2. Viscosity of Drilling Fluids Made with Polymeric Additives
5.3.4. Gel Strength of Drilling Fluids Made with Clay additives
5.3.5. Gel Strength of Drilling Fluids Made with Polymeric Additives
5.3.6. Filtration
5.3.7. Design of Mud Pits
5.4 Air Drilling
5.4.1. Dry-Air Systems
5.4.2. Air-Mist Systems
5.4.3. Air-Foam Systems
5.4.4. Aerated Drilling Fluids
5.4.5. Regulating the Air-Foam Drilling System
5.5. Drilling Fluid Additives
5.6. Guidelines for Solving Specific Drilling Fluid Problems
5.7. Conclusions
CHAPTER 6.WELL SCREENS AND METHODS OF SEDIMENT-SIZE
ANALYSIS
6.1. Continuous-Slot Screen
6.1.1. Screen Diameter
6.2. Other Types of Well Screens
6.3. Well Points
6.4. Optimum Well Screen Open Area
6.5. Sediment Size Analysis
6.5.1. Sediment Size
6.5.2. Slope and Shape of Curve
CHAPTER 7.WATER WELL DESIGN
7.1. Well Screen Length
7.2. Design of Domestic Wells
7.3. Design for Sanitary Protection
7.4. Special Well Designs
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CHAPTER 8. INSTALLATION AND REMOVAL OFWELL SCREENS
8.1. Pull-Back Method
8.1.1. Packers
8.1.2. Setting the Screen in Wells Drilled by the Cable Tool Method
8.1.3. Setting the Screen in Wells Drilled by the Rotary Method
8.2. Open-Hole Methods for Screen Installation
8.2.1. Double-String Installation
8.2.2. Single-String Installation
8.3. Filter Packed Wells
8.3.1. Selection and Placement of Filter Pack 8.3.2. Filter Pack Procedures for Wells
8.3.2.1. Drilled by the Cable Tool Method
8.3.2.2. Filter Pack Procedure for Wells Drilled by the Rotary Method
8.3.3. General Guidelines for Installing Filter Packs
8.4. Installation of Plastic Screens
8.4.1. Telescope Installations
8.4.2. Setting Screens in Open Boreholes (Direct Attached) 8.5. Other Methods
8.5.1. Bail-Down Procedure
8.5.2. Wash-Down Method
8.6. Installing Well Points
8.7. Removing Well Screens
CHAPTER 9. DEVELOPMENT OFWELLS
9.1. Well Development
9.2. Factors that Affect Well Development
9.2.1. Well Completion Method
9.2.2. Open Area and Slot Configuration
9.2.3. Slot Size
9.2.4. Drilling Fluid Type
9.2.5. Filter Pack Thickness
9.2.6. Type of Formation
9.3. Well Development Methods
9.3.1. Overpumping
9.3.2. Backwashing
9.3.3. Mechanical Surging
9.3.4. Air Developing by Surging and Pumping
9.3.5. Air Development Procedures
9.3.6. High-Velocity Water Jetting Combined with Simultaneous Pumping
9.4. Development of Rock Wells
9.5. Aquifer Development Techniques
9.5.1. Use of Acid
9.5.2. Hydrofracturing
9.6. Conclusions
CHAPTER 10. FIELD TESTING OF HYDRAULIC PARAMETERS
10.1. Conducting a Pumping Test
10.1.1. Maintaining a Constant Discharge
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10.1.2. Direct Measurement Methods -- Containers and Meters
10.1.3. Orifice Weir
10.1.4. Weirs and Flumes
10.1.5. Drill-Stem Testing
10.2. Measuring Drawdown in Wells
10.2.1. Observation Wells
10.2.2. Recommended Time Intervals for Measuring Drawdown During a Constant-Rate Pumping Test
10.2.2.1. Recovery Data
CHAPTER 11. PUMPS AND PUMPING
11.1. Variable Displacement Pumps
11.1.1. Centrifugal Pumps
11.1.2. Centrifugal Pump Design
11.1.3. Semi-Open Impellers
11.1.4. Closed Impellers
11.1.5. Cavitation
11.1.6. Suction-Lift Pumps
11.1.7. Deep-Well Turbine Pumps
11.1.8. Vertical Turbine Pumps
11.1.9. Submersible Pump
11.1.10. Jet Pumps
11.1.11. Priming Centrifugal Pumps
11.2. Positive Displacement Pumps
11.2.1. Rotary Pumps
11.2.2. Piston Pumps
11.2.3. Priming Positive Displacement Pumps
11.3. Pumps Used to Circulate Drilling Fluid
11.4. Air-Lift Pumping
11.5. Pump Selection
11.6. Pitless Adaptors
CHAPTER 12. GROUNDWATER MONITORING TECHNIQUES
12.1. Major Federal Legislation Pertaining to Groundwater Quality and Monitoring Procedures
12.2. Groundwater Contamination Sources
12.3. Effect of Aquifer Characteristics on the Spread of Groundwater Contamination
12.4. Delineating Contaminant Plumes
12.5. Monitoring Contaminant Movement (Transport)
12.6. Locating Monitoring Wells
12.7. Personnel Safety at Monitoring Sites
12.8. Design of Monitoring Wells
12.8.1. Screen Criteria for Monitoring Wells
12.8.2. Filter Pack Design
12.8.3. Installation Procedures
12.9. Sampling Monitoring Wells
12.10. The Task of Groundwater Protection
12.11. Aquifer Restoration
12.12. Conclusions
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CHAPTER 13. SEALING ABANDONED WELLS AND BOREHOLES
13.1. Abandonment of Wells
13.2. General Timelines for Abandonment
13.3. General Abandonment Procedures
13.4. Sealant Settlement
13.5. Abandonment Documentation
13.6. Conclusions
CHAPTER 14. SUBSURFACE EXPLORATION TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT
14.1. General Planning
14.2. Exploration Program
14.2.1. Exploration Plan
14.2.2. Types of Borings
14.2.3. Exploration Spacing
14.2.4. Sampling Requirements
14.3. Right-of-Entry, Permits and Utilities
14.4. Borehole Location Tolerance
14.5. Drilling Equipment
14.6. Exploration Methods
14.7. Borehole Advancement
14.8. Borehole Stabilization
14.9. Special Exploration Techniques
14.10. “Wash” Sampling
14.11. Split-Barrel or Split-Spoon Open Drive Sampling
14.12. Thin-Wall Tube Sampling
14.13. Rotary core Barrel Sampling
14.14. Block Sampling
14.15. Rock Core Sampling
14.16. Rotary Core Barrel Types
14.17. Specialty Core Barrel Types
14.18. Integral Rock Core Sampling
14.19. Rock Structure Orientation Methods
14.19.1. Structural Orientation Methods which are Applied from Within the Completed Borehole
14.20. Exploration Difficulties
14.21. Specific Geologic Problem Conditions
14.22. Groundwater Conditions
14.23. Borehole Sealing
14.24. Sampling Preservation and Shipment
14.24.1. Jar Samples
14.24.2. Thin-Wall Tubes
14.24.2.1. Cohesive Samples
14.24.2.2. Granular Samples
14.24.3. Rock Core
14.24.4. Bulk Samples
14.24.5. Environmental Test Samples
14.24.6. Non-Containerized Samples
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14.25. Logging
14.26. Improper Drilling Techniques
CHAPTER 15. DRILLING, SAMPLING AND INSTALLATION PROCEDURES
15.1. General Field Procedures
15.2. Rock Coring
15.2.1. Purpose
15.3. Rock Quality Designation (RQD)
15.4. Piezometers
15.4.1. Purpose
15.4.2. Procedures
15.5. Exploratory Test Pits
15.6. Thin-Walled Open Drive Sampling
15.6.1. Purpose
15.6.2. Procedure
15.7. Mechanical Stationary Piston Sampling
15.7.1. Purpose
15.7.2. Procedure
15.8. Hydraulic Piston Sampling
15.8.1. Purpose
15.8.2. Procedure
15.9. Denison Sampling
15.9.1. Purpose
15.9.2. Procedure
15.10. Pitcher Sampling
15.10.1. Purpose
15.10.2. Procedure
15.11. In Situ Borehole Testing
15.11.1. General
15.11.2. Types of Tests
15.11.3. Correlation Tests
15.11.3.1. Standard Penetration Test
15.11.3.2. Dynamic Penetration Tests
15.11.4. Strength and Deformation
15.11.4.1. Penetrometers
15.11.4.2. Pressuremeters
15.11.4.3. Stress or Shear Devices
15.11.4.4. In Situ Testing Procedures
15.11.4.5. Standard Penetration Test (SPT)
15.11.4.6. Dynamic Penetrometer Tests
15.11.4.6.1. Recoverable Type
15.11.4.6.2. Expendable Type
15.11.4.7. Static Cone Penetrometer Tests
15.11.4.7.1. Mechanical Cone
15.11.4.7.2. Electrical Cone
15.11.4.8. Pressuremeter Test
15.11.4.8.1. Procedure
15.11.4.8.2. Equipment
