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Drawing Theories Apart Drawing Theories Apart TheDispersionofFeynmanDiagramsinPostwarPhysics david kaiser TheUniversityofChicagoPress chicago and london DavidKaiser isassociateprofessorinthePrograminScience, Technology,andSocietyandlecturerintheDepartmentof PhysicsattheMassachusettsInstituteofTechnology. TheUniversityofChicagoPress,Chicago60637 TheUniversityofChicagoPress,Ltd.,London (cid:1)C 2005byTheUniversityofChicago Allrightsreserved.Published2005 PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica 14 13 12 11 10 09 08 07 06 05 1 2 3 4 5 isbn:0-226-42266-6(cloth) isbn:0-226-42267-4(paper) LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData Kaiser,David. Drawingtheoriesapart:thedispersionofFeynman diagramsinpostwarphysics/DavidKaiser. p.cm. Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex. isbn0-226-42266-6(alk.paper)—isbn0-226-42267-4(pbk.:alk.paper) 1.Feynmandiagrams. 2.Physics—UnitedStates—History— 20thcentury. 3.Physics—History—20thcentury. I.Title. QC794.6.F4K35 2005 530(cid:2).0973(cid:2)0904—dc22 2004023335 (cid:1)∞ Thepaperusedinthispublicationmeetstheminimum requirementsoftheAmericanNationalStandardforInformation Sciences—PermanenceofPaperforPrintedLibrary Materials,ansiz39.48-1992. Heteacheshistheory,notasabodyoffact,butasasetoftools, tobeused,andwhichhehasactuallyusedinhiswork. JohnClarkeSlaterdescribingPercyBridgmanafter BridgmanwontheNobelPrizeinPhysics,11January1947 Contents PrefaceandAcknowledgments xi Abbreviations xvii Chapter1. Introduction:PedagogyandtheInstitutionsofTheory 1 RichardFeynmanandHisDiagrams 1 PaperToolsandthePracticeofTheory 7 PedagogyandPostwarPhysics 14 Overview:TheTwoMeaningsofDispersion 16 part i. dispersing the diagrams, 1948–54 Chapter2. AnIntroductioninthePoconos 27 QuantumElectrodynamicsandtheProblemofInfinities 28 InitialReceptionandLingeringConfusion 43 EvidenceofDispersion 52 Chapter3. FreemanDysonandthePostdocCascade 60 TheRiseofPostdoctoralTraining 61 DysonasDiagrammaticAmbassador 65 LifeandPhysicsattheInstituteforAdvancedStudy 83 ThePostdocCascade 93 APedagogicalFieldTheory 108 viii contents Chapter4. InternationalDispersion 112 TheDiagrams’Diaspora 112 FeynmanDiagramsinGreatBritain 115 FeynmanDiagramsinJapan 125 FeynmanDiagramsintheSovietUnion 149 TacitandExplicitKnowledges 167 part ii. dispersion in form, use, and meaning Chapter5. SeedsofDispersion 173 TheFeynman-DysonSplit 175 PerturbativeMethodsFail,FeynmanDiagramsFlourish 195 Chapter6. FamilyResemblances 208 Kroll’sPerturbativeBookkeepers 209 Marshak’sMesonMarkers 220 ClimbingBethe’sLadder:FeynmanDiagramsandtheMany-Body Problem 230 TrainingTheoristsforHouseandField 244 part iii. feynman diagrams in and out of field theory, 1955–70 Chapter7. TeachingtheDiagramsinanAgeofTextbooks 253 ThePostwarAgeofTextbooks 255 TheNewDiagrammaticTextbooks 259 PedagogyandthePictures’Place 270 Chapter8. DoodlingtowardaNew“Theory” 280 DispersionRelations 282 CrossingtoaNewRepresentation 288 FromBookkeeperstoPoleFinders:PolologyandtheLandauRules 296 ChewtheProgramBuilder:NuclearDemocracyandtheBootstrap 306 DiagrammaticBootstrappingandtheEmergenceofNewTheories 314 Chapter9. “Democratic”DiagramsinBerkeleyandPrinceton 318 GeoffreyChew:AScientist’sPoliticsofDemocracyin1950sAmerica 322 PedagogicalReforms:“SecretSeminars”and“WildMerrymaking” 332 TheViewfromPrinceton 346 ConditionsofDiagrammaticPossibilities 352 contents ix Chapter10. PaperToolsandtheTheorists’WayofLife 356 WhyDidtheDiagramsStick?InculcationandReification 359 InSearchoftheVanishingScientificTheory 377 AppendixA. FeynmanDiagramsinthePhysicalReview,1949–54 389 AppendixB. FeynmanDiagramsinProceedingsoftheRoyalSociety, 1950–54 395 AppendixC. FeynmanDiagramsinProgressofTheoreticalPhysics, 1949–54 397 AppendixD. FeynmanDiagramsinSoryu¯shi-ronKenkyu¯,1949–52 402 AppendixE. FeynmanDiagramsinZhurnaleksperimental’noii teoreticheskoifiziki,1952–59 406 AppendixF. FeynmanDiagramsinOtherJournals,1950–54 415 Interviews 419 Bibliography 421 Index 461

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Winner of the 2007 Pfizer Prize from the History of Science Society.В Feynman diagrams have revolutionized nearly every aspect of theoretical physics since the middle of the twentieth century. Introduced by the American physicist Richard Feynman (1918-88) soon after World War II as a means of simp
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Winner of the 2007 Pfizer Prize from the History of Science Society.В Feynman diagrams have revolutionized nearly every aspect of theoretical physics since the middle of the twentieth century. Introduced by the American physicist Richard Feynman (1918-88) soon after World War II as a means of simp

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