Table Of ContentINTERNATIONAL COMMn"I'EE OF THE RED CROSS
Draft Additional Protocols
to the Geneva Conventions
of August 12, 1949
COMMENTARY
GENEVA
October 1973
Colonel Howard S. Levie
Collection
The Judge Advocate General's
Legal Center and School
United States Army
Charlottesville, Virginia
INTERNATIONAL COMMI'ITEE OF THE RED CROSS
Draft Additional Protocols
to the Geneva Conventions
of August 12, 1949
COMMENTARY ,
GENEVA
October 1973
PROPERTY OF U.S. ARMY
{ • . . , ' - :_.f' ~ _
THE JUDGE ADVOCATE GENERAl'S SCHOOL
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CONTENTS
NOTES IX
ABBREVIATIONS XI
INTRODUCTION 1
I. DRAFT PROTOCOL ADDITIONAL TO THE GENEVA CONVENTIONS OF AUGUST 12,
1949, AND RELATING TO THE PROTECTION OF VICTIMS OF INTERNATIONAL
ARMED CONFLICTS
PREAMBLE ...... . 5
PART I
GENERAL PROVISIONS 6
Article 1. - Scope of the present Protocol 6
Article 2. - Definitions ...... . 7
Article 3. - Beginning and end of application 9
Article 4. - Legal status of the Parties to the conflict 10
Article 5. - Appointment of Protecting Powers and of their substitute 11
Article 6. - Qualified persons 14
Article 7. - Meetings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
PART II
WOUNDED, SICK AND SIllPWRECKED PERSONS 17
SECTION I
GENERAL PROTECTION 17
Article 8. - Definitions 17
Article 9. - Field of application 19
Article 10. - Protection and care 20
Article 11. - Protection of persons 20
Article 12. - Medical units . . . . 21
Article 13. - Discontinuance of protection of civilian medical units 22
Article 14. - Requisition . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Article 15. - Civilian medical and religious personnel 23
Article 16. - General protection of medical duties 24
Article 17. - Role of the civilian population 26
Article 18. - Identification ...... . 27
Article 19. - States not parties to a conflict 28
Article 20. - Prohibition of reprisals 29
SECTION II
MEDICAL TRANSPORTS . . . . . . . • . 29
III
Chapter I
Joint provisions ........ . 29
Article 21. - Definitions 29
Article 22. - Search for wounded 30
Article 23. - Application 31
Article 24. - Protection . 32
Article 25. - Notification 33
Chapter II
Medical air transport ............... . 34
Article 26. - Sectors controlled by national and allied forces 35
Article 27. - Contact zone ........ . 36
Article 28. - Sectors controlled by enemy forces 37
Article 29. - Restrictions ...... . 37
Article 30. - Agreements and notifications . 38
Article 31. - Landing . . . . . . . . . . 38
Article 32. - States not parties to the conflict 39
PART III
METHODS AND MEANS OF COMBAT-PRISONER-OF-WAR STATUS 41
SECTION I
METHODS AND MEANS OF COMBAT
Article 33. - Prohibition of unnecessary injury 41
Article 34. - New weapons .
42
Article 35. - Prohibition of perfidy . . . . .
42
Article 36. - Recognized signs . . . . . . .
43
Article 37. - Emblems of nationality
. . . 44
Article 38. - Safeguard of an enemy hors de comhat and giving quarter 44
Article 39. - Aircraft occupants 45
Article 40. - Independent missions 46
Article 41. - Organization and discipline 47
SECTION II
PRISONER-OF-WAR STATUS
Article 42. - New category of prisoners of war 47
PART IV
CIVILIAN POPULATION 53
SECTION I
GENERAL PROTECTION AGAINST EFFECTS OF HOSTILITIES 53
Chapter I
Basic rule and field of application . . 53
Article 43. - Basic ru1e 53
Article 44. - Field of application 54
Chapter II
Civilians and civilian population .......... .
55
Article 45. - Definition of civilians and civilian population 55
Article 46. - Protection of the civilian population 56
IV
Chapter III
Civilian objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
Article 47. - General protection of civilian objects .. ........ . 60
Article 48. - Objects indispensable to the survival of the civilian population 62
Article 49. - Works and installations containing dangerous forces . . . . . 62
Chapter IV
Precautionary measures .............. . 64
Article 50. - Precautions in attack ...... . 64
Article 51. - Precautions against the effects of attacks 66
Chapter V
Localities under special protection 67
Article 52. - Non-defended localities 67
Article 53. - Neutralized localities 67
Chapter VI
Civil Defence ........... . 71
Article 54. - Definition . . . . . . 71
Article 55. - Zones of military operations 72
Article 56. - Occupied territories . . . . . . 73
Article 57. - Civil defence bodies of States not parties to a conflict and international bodies 74
Article 58. - Cessation of protection 75
Article 59. - Identification 75
SECTION II
RELIEF IN FAVOUR OF THE CMLIAN POPULATION 77
Article 60. - Field of application 77
Article 61. - Supplies . . 77
Article 62. - Relief actions . . . 78
SECTION III
TREATMENT OF PERSONS IN THE POWER OF A PARTY TO THE CONFLICT 79
Chapter I
Field of application and protection of persons and objects 79
Article 63. - Field of application . . . . . . . . . 79
Article 64. - Refugees and stateless persons 79
Article 65. - Fundamental guarantees . . . . . . . 80
Article 66. - Objects indispensable to the survival of the civilian population 84
Chapter II
Measures in favour of women and children 85
Article 67. - Protection of women 85
Article 68. - Protection of children 86
Article 69. - Evacuation of children 87
PART V
EXECUTION OF THE CONVENTIONS AND OF THE PRESENT PROTOCOL 90
SECTION I
GENERAL PROVISIONS 90
Article 70. -
Measures for execution . 91
Article 71. -
Legal advisers in armed forces 91
Article 72. -
Dissemination 92
Article 73. -
Rules of application 93
v
SECTION II
REPRESSION OF BREACHES OF THE CONVENTIONS AND OF THE PRESENT PROTOCOL 93
Article 74. - Repression of breaches of the present Protocol
94
Article 75. - Perfidious use of the protective signs
95
Article 76. - Failure to act .
95
Article 77. - Superior order . . . . . . . . .
97
Article 78. - Extradition . . . . . . . . . . .
97
Article 79. - Mutual assistance in criminal matters
99
PART VI
FINAL PROVISIONS 100
Article 80. - Signature
101
Article 81. - Ratification
101
Article 82. - Accession
102
Article 83. - Entry into force . .
102
Article 84. - Treaty relations upon entry into force of the present Protocol
103
Article 85. - Resen/ations
103
Article 86. - Amendment
105
Article 87. - Denunciation
108
Article 88. - Notifications
109
Article 89. - Registration
110
Article 90. - Authentic texts and official translations
110
ANNEX
REGULATIONS CONCERNING THE IDENTIFICATION AND MARKING OF MEDICAL
PERSONNEL, UNITS AND MEANS OF TRANSPORT, AND CIVIL DEFENCE PERSON
NEL, EQUIPMENT AND MEANS OF TRANSPORT ................. 112
Chapter I
Documents.
113
Article 1. - Permanent civilian medical personnel
113
Article 2. - Temporary civilian medical personnel
113
Article 3. - Lists of personnel
116
Article 4. - Flight plan . . . . . . . . . . . .
116
Chapter II
Distinctive emblem ...... . 116
Article 5. - Shape and nature 116
Article 6. - Use . . . . . . 117
Chapter III
Distinctive signals • . . . . . . . . . 118
Article 7. - Optional use 119
Article 8. - Light signals . . . . 119
Article 9. - Unilateral radio signal 120
Article 10. - Bilateral radio signal 123
Article 11. - Secondary surveillance radar system signal 123
Article 12. - Other means of communication 124
Article 13. - Use of international codes . . . . . . 125
Chapter IV
Civil defence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
Article 14. - Documents ................. . 125
Article 15. - International distinctive sign for civil defence services 127
VI
Chapter V
Periodical revision . . . . . 127
Article 16. - Procedure 127
II. DRAFT PROTOCOL ADDITIONAL TO THE GENEVA CONVENTIONS OF AUGUST 12,
1949, AND RELATING TO THE PROTECTION OF VICTIMS OF NON·INTER·
NATIONAL ARMED CONFLICTS
PREAMBLE ........ . 130
PART I
SCOPE OF THE PRESENT PROTOCOL 132
Article 1. - Material field of application 132
Article 2. - Personal field of application ... . 133
Article 3. - Legal status of the parties to the conflict 134
Article 4. - Non-intervention . . . . . . . . . . . 135
Article 5. - Rights and duties of the parties to the conflict 135
PART II
HUMANE TREATMENT OF PERSONS IN THE POWER OF THE PARTIES TO THE CON
FLICT .................... 136
Article 6. - Fundamental guarantees . . . . . . . 136
Article 7. - Safeguard of an enemy hors de combat 137
Article 8. - Persons whose liberty has been restricted 138
Article 9. - Principles of penal law 140
Article 10. - Penal prosecutions ......... 141
PART III
WOUNDED, SICK AND SHIPWRECKED PERSONS 144
Article 11. - Definitions .... .... 144
Article 12. - Protection and care . . . . . 145
Article 13. - Search and evacuation 146
Article 14. - Role of the civilian population 147
Article 15. - Medical and religious persounel .. 147
Article 16. - General protection of medical duties 148
Article 17. - Medical units and transports 149
Article 18. - The distinctive emblem 150
Article 19. - Prohibition of reprisals 151
PART IV
METHODS AND MEANS OF COMBAT . . . 152
Article 20. - Prohibition of unnecessary injury 152
Article 21. - Prohibition of perfidy 153
Article 22. - Quarter . . 153
Article 23. - Recognized signs . . . . . . . 154
PART V
CIVILIAN POPULATION 155
VII
Chapter I
General protection against effects of hostilities 155
Article 24. - Basic rules . . . . . . . . . . . 155
Article 25. - Definition . . . . . . . . . . . 156
Article 26. - Protection of the civilian population . ... ...... 157
Article 27. - Protection of objects indispensable to the survival of the civilian population 160
Article 28. - Protection of works and installations containing dangerous forces 160
Article 29. - Prohibition of forced movement of civilians .............. 161
Chapter II
Civil defence • . . . . . . . . . . . . 161
Article 30. - Respect and protection 161
Article 31. - Definition . . . . . . 162
Chapter III
Measures in favour of children 163
Article 32. - Privileged treatment 163
PART VI
RELIEF ............... . 165
Article 33. - Relief actions . . . . . . 165
Article 34. - Recording and information .• 166
Article 35. - National Red Cross and other relief societies 167
PART VII
EXECUTION OF THE PRESENT PROTOCOL 169
Article 36. - Measures for execution 169
Article 37. - Dissemination 169
Article 38. - Special agreements . • 170
Article 39. - Co-operation in the observance of the present Protocol 170
PART VIII
FINAL PROVISIONS 171
Article 40. - Signature 171
Article 41. - Ratification 171
Article 42. - Accession 172
Article 43. - Entry into force 172
Article 44. - Amendment 173
Article 45. - Notifications . 175
Article 46. - Registration .. . 175
Article 47. - Authentic texts and official translations 176
VIII
Description:I. DRAFT PROTOCOL ADDITIONAL TO THE GENEVA CONVENTIONS OF
AUGUST 12,. 1949, AND RELATING TO THE PROTECTION OF VICTIMS OF
