Download encyclopedia of black studies

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Copyright © 2005 by Sage Publications,Inc.
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic
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Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Encyclopedia of Black studies / edited by Molefi Kete Asante [and] Ama Mazama.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 0-7619-2762-X (cloth edition)
1. African Americans—Encyclopedias. I. Asante,Molefi K.,1942- II. Mazama,Ama,1961-
E185.E554 2004
973′.0496073′003—dc22
2004010091
04 05 06 07 08 09 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Photo Credits and Acknowledgements
All photographs are used with the permission of the Molefi Kete Asante Archives or the Ama Mazama Archives.
Drawings by Eric Rivers of John Hope Franklin,Sojourner Truth,and W.E.B. Du Bois are used with the permission
of the Molefi Kete Asante Archives.
Acquiring Editor: Rolf Janke
Editorial Assistant: Sara Tauber
Developmental Editor: Yvette Pollastrini
Project Editor: Claudia A. Hoffman
Typesetter: C&M Digitals (P) Ltd.
Indexer: Will Ragsdale
Cover Designer: Ravi Balasuriya
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Contents
List of Entries, vi
Reader’s Guide, ix
Editorial Board, xiii
Contributors, xv
Preface, xix
About the Editors, xxiii
Introduction, xxv
Entries A-Z, 1–482
Appendix I: Chronology of the Most Notable Books,
Scholars, and Events in Black Studies, 483
Appendix II:Advanced Degree–Granting Programs, 487
Appendix III: Major Journals in Black Studies, 489
Suggested Resources, 491
Index, 507
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List of Entries
Accommodationism Afrocentric Schools Black Feminist Thought
Affirmative Action Afrocentric Social Work The Black Jacobins
Africa World Press Afrocentricity The Black Manifesto
African Aesthetic Afrocultural Theory Black Nationalism
African Americans Afronography Black Panther Party for
African Americans and American All African People’s Self-Defense
Communism Revolutionary Party Black Philosophy
African American Oratory American Anti-Slavery Society Black Politics
African American Studies, American Civil War Black Power Conference of
Temple University American Colonization Society Newark, New Jersey
African American Studies:The American Negro Academy Black Power Movement
First Doctoral Program Amistad Research Center The Black Scholar
African American Studies: Amsterdam News Black Skin,White Masks
Graduate Studies for the 21st An Appeal to the Colored Citizens Black Studies
Century of the World Black Studies, City College of
African American Studies:The Ancestor Veneration New York
Indian Perspective Ancient Egyptian Studies Black Studies, Kent State
African Burial Ground Project Movement University
African Cosmology Antilynching Campaign Black Studies, Names
African Dance in the United Antiracist Philosophy Controversy
States Apollo Theatre Black Studies,Wellesley College
African Demographics Associated Publishers Black Theology
African Epistemology Association of Black Blaxploitation Films
African Ethnic Groups Psychologists Blues
African Liberation Day Ausar Auset Society Broadside Press
African Philosophy The Autobiography of Malcolm X Brown v. Board of Education of
African Renaissance Axum Empire Topeka
African Studies Association Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen,
African Worldview Theory Back-to-Africa Movement and Abandoned Lands
Africana Womanism Before the Mayflower
Africological Enterprise The Birth of a Nation Capoeira
Africology Black Anglo-Saxons Caribbean
Africology: Opposition Black Arts Movement Charles L. Blockson
Afrocentric Creed Black Athena Afro-American Collection
Afrocentric Criticism The Black Atlantic Cheikh Anta Diop International
Afrocentric Education Black Church Conference
The Afrocentric Idea Black Codes Christianity
The Afrocentric Paradigm Black Consciousness Movement Class and Caste
The Afrocentric Scholar Black Existentialism Class Struggle
vi
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List of Entries———vii
Code Noir Imperialism Moynihan Report
Compromise of 1850 Indigeniste Movement Multicultural Education
Congress of African Peoples Institute of Positive Education
Congress of Racial Equality Institute of the Black World Narratives of the Enslaved
Congressional Black Caucus Introduction to Black Studies Nat Turner’s Rebellion
Consciencism Invisible Man Nation of Islam
Consciousness Islam National Association for the
Council of Independent Black Advancement of Colored
Institutions Jazz People
Creole Jim Crow National Black Political
Creolization Johnson Publishing Company Convention, Gary, Indiana
The Crisis Joint Center for Political and National Black United Fund
The Crisis of the Negro Economic Studies National Council for Black Studies
Intellectual Journal of African Civilizations National Negro Congress
Cultural Genocide Journal of Black Studies National Urban League
Curse of the Door of No Return Journal of Negro History Négritude
Negro
Dark Ghetto The Karamu House Negro Convention Movement
The Destruction of Black Kawaida Neocolonialism
Civilization Kemet,Afrocentricity and New Deal
Diaspora Knowledge The New Negro
Diopian Historiography Kiswahili Movement Nguzo Saba
Dislocation Ku Klux Klan Nommo
Dream Team Kush North Star
Kwanzaa Nubia
Ebonics
Education and Black Studies Last Poets Obeah
Elder Scholars Letter From the Odu Ifa
Emancipation Proclamation Birmingham Jail Opportunity:A Journal
Enslavement Resistance “Lift Every Voice and Sing” of Negro Life
Ethiopianism Lucumi Tradition Oral Tradition
Ethnic Notions Lynching Organization of Afro-American
Eurocentrism Unity
European Slave Trade Maat Oyo Empire
Exodusters Mali Empire
March on Washington Patriarchy
Family
Marie Laveau The Philadelphia Negro
Fanonian Concept of Violence
Maroon Societies The Pittsburgh Courier
Festivals
Mdw Ntr Plessy v. Ferguson
Fisk Jubilee Singers
Melanin Theory Popular Traditional African
Forty Acres and a Mule
Messianism Religions Everywhere
Freedom Songs
Middle Passage Protest Pressure
Freedom Summer
The Mis-Education of The Psychopathic Racial
the Negro Personality
Gabriel Prosser’s Revolt
Mississippi Freedom PUSH
Ghana Empire
Democratic Party
Haitian Revolution Montgomery Bus Boycott Rastafarianism
Highlander Folk School Moorish Science Temple of Reconstruction
Hip-Hop America Red Summer
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viii———Encyclopedia of Black Studies
Reggae Spirituals U.S. Constitution, Fourteenth
Reparations Stolen Legacy Amendment
Republic of New Afrika Stono Rebellion U.S. Constitution, Fifteenth
Revolutionary Action Movement Amendment
Ring Shout Talented Tenth
Root Doctor Temple Circle Vesey’s Conspiracy
Their Eyes Were Watching God Vodu
Sankofa They Came Before Columbus
Santería Third World Press Watts Prophets
Schomburg Center for Research Two Cradle Theory Watts Rebellion of 1965
in Black Culture Westernization
Scottsboro Case Umfundalai The World Conference Against
Slave Route Underground Railroad Racism, Racial Discrimination,
Songhay Empire Universal Negro Improvement Xenophobia and Related
Soul Association Intolerance
The Souls of Black Folk Us The Wretched of the Earth
Southern Christian Leadership U.S. Constitution,Thirteenth
Conference Amendment Yoruba Tradition
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Reader’s Guide
This list is provided to assist readers in locating entries Institutions, Intellectual Schools, Journals, Legal
on related topics. It classifies entries into 30 Issues, Movements, Newspapers, Political Issues,
categories: African American Studies Afrocentricity, Professional Organizations, Publishers, Racism,
Annual Conferences,Anti-Racism,Arts,Associations Religion, Reparations, Research Centers, Resistance,
and Organizations, Books, Campus Politics, Civil Theories, United States Constitution. Some entries
Rights, Classical Africa, Concepts, Culture, Films, may appear in more than one category.
AFRICAN AMERICAN STUDIES Council of Independent Black Jazz
Institutions The Karamu House
African American Studies,
National Council for Black Last Poets
Temple University
Studies Oral Tradition
African American Studies:
Reggae
The First Doctoral Program
Ring Shout
African American Studies: ANTI-RACISM
Spirituals
Graduate Studies for the
American Anti-slavery Society Umfundalai
21st Century
Antilynching Campaign Watts Prophets
African American Studies:
Antiracist Philosophy
The Indian Perspective
Black Consciousness Movement
ASSOCIATIONS AND
Freedom Summer
ORGANIZATIONS
Highlander Folk School
AFROCENTRICITY
March on Washington American Colonization Society
Afrocentric Creed Protest Pressure American Negro Academy
Afrocentric Criticism Association of Black
Afrocentric Education Psychologists
ARTS
The Afrocentric Idea Ausar Auset Society
The Afrocentric Paradigm African Aesthetic Black Panther Party for
The Afrocentric Scholar African American Oratory Self-Defense
Afrocentric Schools African Dance in the Institute of Positive Education
Afrocentric Social Work United States Institute of the Black World
Afrocentricity Apollo Theatre National Association
Afrocultural Theory Black Arts Movement for the Advancement
Afronography Blaxploitation Films of Colored People
Blues National Black United Fund
Capoeira National Urban League
ANNUAL CONFERENCES
Fisk Jubilee Singers Organization of Afro-American
Cheikh Anta Diop International Freedom Songs Unity
Conference Hip-Hop PUSH
ix
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x———Encyclopedia of Black Studies
Southern Christian Black Studies, Kent State Talented Tenth
Leadership Conference University Westernization
Universal Negro Black Studies, Names
Improvement Association Controversy CULTURE
Us Black Studies,Wellesley
African Americans
College
African Burial Ground Project
BOOKS Ancestor Veneration
CIVIL RIGHTS Ebonics
The Afrocentric Idea
Festivals
The Afrocentric Paradigm Congress of Racial Equality
Fisk Jubilee Singers
Afrocentricity Congressional Black Caucus
Freedom Songs
An Appeal to the Colored Citizens National Association
Hip-Hop
of the World for the Advancement
Jazz
The Autobiography of Malcolm X of Colored People
Kwanzaa
Before the Mayflower National Negro Congress
Last Poets
Black Athena National Urban League
Nommo
The Black Atlantic
Nguzo Saba
Black Feminist Thought
CLASSICAL AFRICA “Lift Every Voice and Sing”
The Black Jacobins
Reggae
Black Skin,White Masks Diopian Historiography
Spirituals
Code Noir Ghana
Watts Prophets
The Crisis of the Negro Kush
Intellectual Mdw Ntr
FILMS
Dark Ghetto Two Cradle Theory
The Destruction of Black The Birth of a Nation
Civilization Ethnic Notions
CONCEPTS
Introduction to Black Studies Sankofa
Invisible Man Affirmative Action
Kemet,Afrocentricity and African Americans
INSTITUTIONS
Knowledge and American Communism
Letter From the Birmingham Jail African Cosmology Black Church
The Mis-Education of the African Epistemology Family
Negro African Philosophy Kwanzaa
The New Negro Africological Enterprise Patriarchy
Odu Ifa Class and Caste
The Philadelphia Negro Consciousness INTELLECTUAL SCHOOLS
The Psychopathic Racial Creolization
Accommodationism
Personality Diaspora
Dream Team
The Souls of Black Folk Dislocation
Elder Scholars
Stolen Legacy Ethiopianism
Kawaida
Their Eyes Were Watching God Eurocentrism
Temple Circle
They Came Before Columbus Fanonian Concept of Violence
The Wretched of the Earth Imperialism
JOURNALS
Maat
Messianism The Black Scholar
CAMPUS POLITICS
Multicultural Education The Crisis
African American Studies, Nommo Journal of African Civilizations
Temple University Protest Pressure Journal of Black Studies
Black Studies, City College Rastafarianism Journal of Negro History
of New York Soul Opportunity