Dosage Calculations

531 Pages·2022·37.832 MB·English

by  Gloria D. Pickar, Amy Pickar Abernethy, Beth Swart, Myrna Davis, Janet O'Connell

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DOSAGE
CALCULATIONS

DOSAGE
CALCULATIONS
FIFTH CANADIAN EDITION
Gloria D. Pickar, EdD, RN
Group President and Chief Academic Officer
EmbanetCompass Orlando, Chicago, Toronto
Former Academic Dean
Seminole State College of Florida
Amy Pickar Abernethy
Duke University
Beth Swart
Ryerson University
Myrna Davis
Red River College
Janet O’Connell
Centennial College
Australia • Brazil • Canada • Mexico • Singapore • United Kingdom • United States
Dosage Calculations, © 2022, 2018 Cengage Learning Canada, Inc.
Gloria D. Pickar, Amy Pickar Abernethy,
Adapted from Dosage Calculations, 9th Edition, by Gloria Pickar and
Beth Swart, Myrna Davis, Janet O’Connell
Amy Pickar Abernethy. Copyright © Cengage Learning, Inc., 2013. All Rights
Reserved. Unless otherwise noted, all content is © Cengage.
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Library and Archives Canada Cataloguing in Publication:
Title: Dosage calculations / Gloria D. Pickar, EdD, RN (Group President and
Chief Academic Officer, EmbanetCompass Orlando, Chicago, Toronto,
Former Academic Dean, Seminole State College of Florida), Amy Pickar
Abernethy (Duke University), Beth Swart (Ryerson University), Myrna
Davis (Red River College), Janet O’Connell (Centennial College)
Names: Pickar, Gloria D., author. | Abernethy, Amy Pickar, author. | Swart,
Beth, author. | Davis, Myrna Michelle, author. | O’Connell, Janet, author.
Description: Fifth Canadian edition. | Includes index.
Identifiers: Canadiana (print) 2020039908X | Canadiana (ebook) 20200399128 |
ISBN 9780176912260 (softcover) | ISBN 9780176912314 (PDF)
Subjects: LCSH: Pharmaceutical arithmetic—Textbooks. | LCGFT: Textbooks.
Classification: LCC RS57 .D68 2021 | DDC 615.1/401513—dc23
ISBN-13: 978-0-17-691226-0
ISBN-10: 0-17-691226-6
Cengage Learning Canada, Inc.
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Print Number: 01 Print Year: 2021
v
BRIEF CONTENTS
Preface ix SECTION 3
Acknowledgments xii Drug Dosage Calculations 157
About the Authors xiii
Key Features of Dosage Calculations xiv CHAPTER 8
Oral Dosages of Drugs 157
MATHEMATICS DIAGNOSTIC EVALUATION 1
CHAPTER 9
SECTION 1 Parenteral Dosages of Drugs 193
Mathematics Review 4
CHAPTER 10
Reconstitution of Solutions 242
CHAPTER 1
Fractions and Decimals 4
CHAPTER 11
Pediatric and Adult Dosages
CHAPTER 2
Based on Body Weight 287
Ratios and Percents 43
SECTION 3  SELF-EVALUATION 327
CHAPTER 3
Systems of Measurement 54
SECTION 4
CHAPTER 4
Advanced Calculations 343
Calculation Methods Used in
Determining Drug Dosages 77 CHAPTER 12
Intravenous Solutions, Equipment,
SECTION 1  SELF-EVALUATION 89
and Calculations 343
SECTION 2
CHAPTER 13
Measurement Systems, Drug
Body Surface Area and Advanced
Orders, and Drug Labels 92
Pediatric Calculations 394
CHAPTER 5
CHAPTER 14
Equipment Used in Dosage Measurement 92
Advanced Adult Intravenous Calculations 417
CHAPTER 6
SECTION 4  SELF-EVALUATION 460
Interpreting Drug Orders 109
ESSENTIAL SKILLS EVALUATION 466
CHAPTER 7
Drug Labels 128 COMPREHENSIVE SKILLS EVALUATION 482
SECTION 2  SELF-EVALUATION 152 Index 498

vii
CONTENTS
Preface ix SECTION 2
Acknowledgments xii Measurement Systems,
About the Authors xiii Drug Orders, and Drug Labels 92
Key Features of Dosage Calculations xiv
CHAPTER 5
Equipment Used in Dosage Measurement 92
MATHEMATICS DIAGNOSTIC EVALUATION 1
Oral Administration 92
SECTION 1 Parenteral Administration 94
Mathematics Review 4
CHAPTER 6
Interpreting Drug Orders 109
CHAPTER 1
Medical Abbreviations 110
Fractions and Decimals 4
The Drug Order 113
Fractions 4
Computerized Medication Administration
Types of Fractions 5
Systems 121
Fractions at Work 6
Comparing Fractions 9 CHAPTER 7
Addition and Subtraction of Fractions 12 Drug Labels 128
Multiplication and Division of Fractions 16
Trade and Generic Names 128
Decimals 23
Dosage Strength 129
Addition and Subtraction of Decimals 30
Form 130
Multiplication and Division of Decimals 32
Drug Delivery Systems 132
Rounding Decimals 36
Supply Dosage 132
Total Volume or Quantity 133
CHAPTER 2
Administration Route 134
Ratios and Percents 43
Directions For Mixing or Reconstituting 135
Ratios 43
Special Instructions 135
Percents 44
Name of The Manufacturer 137
Comparing Percents and Ratios 46
Expiry Date 137
Percent Measures 48
Lot or Control Number 137
CHAPTER 3 Drug Identification Number 138
Systems of Measurement 54 Natural Product Number 139
The Metric System (International Bar Code Symbols 139
System of Units) 54 Unit- or Single-Dose Labels 140
Alternative Systems of Measurement 60 Combination Drugs 140
Special Classes of Units of Measurement 61 Supply Dosage Expressed as a Ratio or Percentage 141
Time and Temperature Conversions 66 Checking Labels 142
CHAPTER 4 SECTION 2  SELF-EVALUATION 152
Calculation Methods Used in
SECTION 3
Determining Drug Dosages 77
Drug Dosage Calculations 157
Method 1: Formula Method 77
Method 2: Dimensional Analysis 79
CHAPTER 8
Method 3: Ratio and Proportion 82
Oral Dosages of Drugs 157
SECTION 1  SELF-EVALUATION 89 Tablets and Capsules 159
viii Contents
Three-Step Approach To Dosage Calculating Components of IV Solutions
Calculations 161 When Expressed as a Percent 349
Oral Liquids 173 IV Sites 351
Check Point 181 Monitoring IVs 352
Primary and Secondary IVs 352
CHAPTER 9
Blood Administration Tubing 352
Parenteral Dosages of Drugs 193
IV Flow Rate 354
Injectable Solutions 193
Electronically Regulated IVs 355
High-Alert Parenteral Medications 207
Calculating Flow Rates for Infusion
Insulin 208
Pumps in mL/h 358
Check Point 231
Manually Regulated IVs (Gravity Infusions) 361
Calculating Flow Rates for Manually
CHAPTER 10
Regulated IVs in gtt/min 364
Reconstitution of Solutions 242
Adjusting IV Flow Rate 371
Solution Components 242
Intermittent IV Infusions 376
Reconstitution of Injectable Medications
Calculating IV Infusion Time and Volume 386
in Powder Form 243
Types of Reconstituted Parenteral Solutions 248 CHAPTER 13
Reconstituted Parenteral Solutions Used Body Surface Area and Advanced
With Various Routes 255 Pediatric Calculations 394
Reconstitution of Noninjectable Solutions 275 Body Surface Area Method 394
Topical Solutions/Irrigants 276 Pediatric Volumetric Control Sets 402
Oral and Enteral Feedings 277 Minimal Dilutions for IV Medications 407
Calculation of Daily Volume for Maintenance
CHAPTER 11
Fluids 408
Pediatric and Adult Dosages
Based on Body Weight 287 CHAPTER 14
Administering Medications to Children 288 Advanced Adult Intravenous Calculations 417
Converting Pounds to Kilograms 288 Calculating IV Dosages and Flow Rates
Body Weight Method for Calculating Using Clinical Protocols 417
Safe Pediatric Dosages 289 IV Heparin Sodium Protocol 418
Combination Drugs 296 IV Insulin Protocol 429
Adult Dosages Based on Body Weight 299 Critical Care IV Calculations: Calculating
Body Weight Dosage Calculation 299 the Flow Rate of an IV Medication to Be
Given Over a Specified Time Period 437
SECTION 3  SELF-EVALUATION 327
Limiting Infusion Volumes 446
SECTION 4 SECTION 4  SELF-EVALUATION 460
Advanced Calculations 343
ESSENTIAL SKILLS EVALUATION 466
CHAPTER 12 COMPREHENSIVE SKILLS EVALUATION 482
Intravenous Solutions, Equipment,
Index 498
and Calculations 343
IV Solutions 343