Doppler radar physiological sensing

303 Pages·2016·9.83 MB·English

by  Boric-Lubecke

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DOPPLER RADAR
PHYSIOLOGICAL
SENSING
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WILEY SERIES IN BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING AND
MULTI-DISCIPLINARY INTEGRATED SYSTEMS
KAICHANG,SERIESEDITOR
AdvancesinOpticalImagingforClinicalMedicine
NicusorIftimia,WilliamR.Brugge,andDanielX.Hammer(Editors)
AntigenRetrievalImmunohistochemistryBasedResearchandDiagnostics
Shan-RongShiandCliveR.Taylor
IntroductiontoNanomedicineandNanobioengineering
ParasN.Prasad
BiomedicalImageUnderstanding
Joo-HweeLim,Sim-HengOng,andWeiXiong(Editors)
DopplerRadarPhysiologicalSensing
OlgaBoric-Lubecke,VictorM.Lubecke,AmyD.Droitcour,Byung-KwonPark,
andAdityaSingh(Editors)
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DOPPLER RADAR
PHYSIOLOGICAL
SENSING
Editedby
OLGABORIC-LUBECKE
VICTORM.LUBECKE
AMYD.DROITCOUR
BYUNG-KWONPARK
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ADITYASINGH
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LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData:
Dopplerradarphysiologicalsensing/editedbyOlgaBoric-Lubecke,VictorM.Lubecke,
AmyD.Droitcour,Byung-KwonPark,AdityaSingh.
p.;cm.
Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.
ISBN978-1-118-02402-7(cloth)
I.Boric-Lubecke,Olga,1966-,editor.II.Lubecke,VictorM.,editor.III.Droitcour,AmyD.,editor.
IV.Park,Byung-Kwon,editor.V.Singh,Aditya,1984-,editor.
[DNLM:1.HeartRate.2.Monitoring,Physiologic–methods.3.RespiratoryRate.
4.SignalProcessing,Computer-Assisted.5.Ultrasonography,Doppler–methods.WG140]
QP113
612.1′71–dc23
2015028401
Typesetin10/12ptTimesLTStdbySPiGlobal,Chennai,India
PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica
10987654321
1 2016
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CONTENTS
ListofContributors xi
(cid:2) 1 Introduction 1 (cid:2)
AmyD.Droitcour,OlgaBoric-Lubecke,ShuheiYamada,
andVictorM.Lubecke
1.1 CurrentMethodsofPhysiologicalMonitoring, 2
1.2 NeedforNoncontactPhysiologicalMonitoring, 3
1.2.1 PatientswithCompromisedSkin, 3
1.2.2 SleepMonitoring, 4
1.2.3 ElderlyMonitoring, 5
1.3 DopplerRadarPotentialforPhysiologicalMonitoring, 5
1.3.1 PrincipleofOperationandPowerBudget, 6
1.3.2 HistoryofDopplerRadarinPhysiologicalMonitoring, 8
References, 16
2 RadarPrinciples 21
EhsanYavari,OlgaBoric-Lubecke,andShuheiYamada
2.1 BriefHistoryofRadar, 21
2.2 RadarPrincipleofOperation, 22
2.2.1 ElectromagneticWavePropagationandReflection, 23
2.2.2 RadarCrossSection, 24
2.2.3 RadarEquation, 25
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vi CONTENTS
2.3 DopplerRadar, 28
2.3.1 DopplerEffect, 28
2.3.2 DopplerRadarWaveforms:CW,FMCW,Pulsed, 29
2.4 MonostaticandBistaticRadar, 32
2.5 RadarApplications, 35
References, 36
3 PhysiologicalMotionandMeasurement 39
AmyD.DroitcourandOlgaBoric-Lubecke
3.1 RespiratorySystemMotion, 39
3.1.1 IntroductiontotheRespiratorySystem, 39
3.1.2 RespiratoryMotion, 40
3.1.3 ChestWallMotionAssociatedwithBreathing, 43
3.1.4 BreathingPatternsinDiseaseandDisorder, 43
3.2 HeartSystemMotion, 44
3.2.1 LocationandGrossAnatomyoftheHeart, 45
3.2.2 ElectricalandMechanicalEventsoftheHeart, 46
3.2.3 ChestSurfaceMotionDuetoHeartFunction, 48
3.2.4 QuantitativeMeasurementofChestWallMotionDueto
Heartbeat, 50
3.3 CirculatorySystemMotion, 53
(cid:2) 3.3.1 LocationandStructureoftheMajorArteriesandVeins, 54 (cid:2)
3.3.2 BloodFlowThroughArteriesandVeins, 55
3.3.3 SurfaceMotionfromBloodFlow, 56
3.3.4 CirculatorySystemMotion:VariationwithAge, 57
3.4 InteractionofRespiratory,Heart,andCirculatoryMotionattheSkin
Surface, 58
3.5 MeasurementofHeartandRespiratorySurfaceMotion, 58
3.5.1 RadarMeasurementofPhysiologicalMotion, 59
3.5.2 SurfaceMotionMeasurementofRespirationRate, 59
3.5.3 SurfaceMotionMeasurementofHeart/PulseRate, 61
References, 63
4 PhysiologicalDopplerRadarOverview 69
AdityaSingh,Byung-KwonPark,OlgaBoric-Lubecke,IsarMostafanezhad,
andVictorM.Lubecke
4.1 RFFrontEnd, 70
4.1.1 QuadratureReceiver, 73
4.1.2 PhaseCoherenceandRangeCorrelation, 77
4.1.3 FrequencyChoice, 79
4.1.4 AntennaConsiderations, 80
4.1.5 PowerBudget, 80
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CONTENTS vii
4.2 BasebandModule, 83
4.2.1 AnalogSignalConditioningandCouplingMethods, 83
4.2.2 DataAcquisition, 85
4.3 SignalProcessing, 86
4.3.1 PhaseDemodulation, 86
4.3.2 DemodulatedPhaseProcessing, 87
4.4 NoiseSources, 90
4.4.1 ElectricalNoise, 90
4.4.2 MechanicalNoise, 92
4.5 Conclusions, 92
References, 93
5 CWHomodyneTransceiverChallenges 95
AdityaSingh,AlexVergara,AmyD.Droitcour,Byung-KwonPark,
OlgaBoric-Lubecke,ShuheiYamada,andVictorM.Lubecke
5.1 RFFrontEnd, 95
5.1.1 Single-ChannelLimitations, 96
5.1.2 LOLeakageCancellation, 103
5.1.3 IQImbalanceAssessment, 109
5.2 BasebandModule, 113
5.2.1 ACandDCCoupling, 113
(cid:2) 5.2.2 DCCanceller, 114 (cid:2)
5.3 SignalDemodulation, 118
5.3.1 DCOffsetandDCInformation, 118
5.3.2 CenterTracking, 125
5.3.3 DCCancellationResults, 130
References, 134
6 SourcesofNoiseandSignal-to-NoiseRatio 137
AmyD.Droitcour,OlgaBoric-Lubecke,andShuheiYamada
6.1 SignalPower,RadarEquation,andRadarCrossSection, 138
6.1.1 RadarEquation, 138
6.1.2 RadarCrossSection, 140
6.1.3 ReflectionandAbsorption, 141
6.1.4 Phase-to-AmplitudeConversion, 141
6.2 OscillatorPhaseNoise,RangeCorrelationandResidualPhaseNoise, 143
6.2.1 OscillatorPhaseNoise, 143
6.2.2 RangeCorrelationandResidualPhaseNoise, 147
6.3 ContributionsofVariousNoiseSources, 151
6.3.1 PhaseNoise, 151
6.3.2 Baseband1/f Noise, 154
6.3.3 RFAdditiveWhiteGaussianNoise, 154
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viii CONTENTS
6.4 Signal-to-NoiseRatio, 155
6.5 ValidationofRangeCorrelation, 157
6.6 HumanTestingValidation, 158
References, 168
7 DopplerRadarPhysiologicalAssessments 171
JohnKiriazi,OlgaBoric-Lubecke,ShuheiYamada,VictorM.Lubecke,
andWansureeMassagram
7.1 Actigraphy, 172
7.2 RespiratoryRate, 176
7.3 TidalVolume, 179
7.4 HeartRates, 184
7.5 HeartRateVariability, 185
7.6 RespiratorySinusArrhythmia, 190
7.7 RCsandSubjectOrientation, 196
References, 204
8 AdvancedPerformanceArchitectures 207
AdityaSingh,AlyFathy,IsarMostafanezhad,JenshanLin,OlgaBoric-Lubecke,
ShuheiYamada,VictorM.Lubecke,andYazhouWang
8.1 DCOffsetandSpectrumFolding, 208
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8.1.1 Single-ChannelHomodyneSystemwithPhaseTuning, 208
8.1.2 HeterodyneSystemwithFrequencyTuning, 213
8.1.3 Low-IFArchitecture, 220
8.2 MotionInterferenceSuppression, 224
8.2.1 InterferenceCancellation, 226
8.2.2 BistaticRadar:SensorNodes, 231
8.2.3 PassiveRFTags, 240
8.3 RangeDetection, 250
8.3.1 PhysiologicalMonitoringwithFMCWRadar, 250
8.3.2 PhysiologicalMonitoringwithUWBRadar, 251
References, 266
9 ApplicationsandFutureResearch 269
AdityaSinghandVictorM.Lubecke
9.1 CommercialDevelopment, 269
9.1.1 Healthcare, 269
9.1.2 Defense, 272
9.2 RecentResearchAreas, 272
9.2.1 SleepStudy, 272
9.2.2 Range, 275
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