Table Of ContentGeotechnical Engineering M EARTH PRESSURE and
WC
A New Edition of a Classic Reference Work, Now Updated to Cover Recent Standardization ilititBonoolayt
sddo EARTH-RETAINING
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Retaining structures form an important component of many civil engineering and geotechnical y
engineering projects. Careful design and construction of these structures is essential.
E STRUCTURES
Earth Pressure and Earth-Retaining Structures has long been recognised as a compre-
A
hensive introduction to the mechanisms of earth pressure and a thorough guide to the design
requirements for retaining structures. It has now been entirely re-structured and revised, R R
providing more support in Part 1 on fundamentals to help non-specialists understand the Third Edition
T
E
geotechnical issues involved. Part 2 on design provides background to uncertainty of param-
eters and partial factor issues that underpin recent codes, notably Eurocode 7, and covers the T H
principles of the geotechnical design of gravity walls, embedded walls, and other structures, A
for example reinforced earth, soil nailing, and anchoring. P
I
N R
What’s New in the Third Edition:
I E
The first half of the book brings together and describes possible interactions between the N
S
ground and a retaining wall. It also includes materials that factor in available software pack-
G
S
ages dealing with seepage and slope instability, therefore providing a greater understanding
of design issues and allowing readers to readily check computer output. The second part U
S
of the book begins by describing the background of Eurocode 7 and ends with detailed
R
information about gravity walls, embedded walls, and composite walls. It also includes re- T
E
cent material on propped and braced excavations as well as work on soil nailing, anchored R
walls, and cofferdams. Previous chapters on the development of earth pressure theory and
U a
on graphical techniques have been retained in an appendix.
C n
This text is written for practising geotechnical, civil, and structural engineers and forms d
T
a reference for engineering geologists, geotechnical researchers, and undergraduate civil
engineering students. U
E
R A
Chris Clayton is professor and former head of the civil engineering department at the
University of Southampton, UK. E R
S
Rick Woods is Associate Dean (Learning and Teaching) at the University of Surrey, UK. T
Andrew Bond runs the software and training company, Geocentrix, and is chairman of the H
Chris R.I. Clayton
main Eurocode 7 committee.
-
Jarbas Milititsky is an engineering consultant in Brazil and vice-president of the Interna- Rick I. Woods
tional Society for Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering for South America.
E
d T Andrew J. Bond
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6Su0i0te0 3B0ro0k, eBno cSao uRnadto Pna, rFkLw 3a3y,4 N87W ISBN: 978-1-4665-5211-1 io rd Jarbas Milititsky
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A SPON PRESS BOOK
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EARTH PRESSURE and
EARTH-RETAINING
STRUCTURES
Third Edition
EARTH PRESSURE and
EARTH-RETAINING
STRUCTURES
Third Edition
Chris R.I. Clayton
Rick I. Woods
Andrew J. Bond
Jarbas Milititsky
A SPON PRESS BOOK
CRC Press
Taylor & Francis Group
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Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742
© 2013 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
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Version Date: 20140424
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Contents
Preface xv
Authors xvii
Part I
Fundamentals 1
1 Soil behaviour 3
1.1 Introduction 3
1.2 Origin, composition and structure of soils and rocks 4
1.2.1 Rock 5
1.2.2 Weathered rock and residual soil 5
1.2.3 Sedimentary weak rock and soil 6
1.2.4 Pedogenic soil 6
1.2.5 Variability 7
1.3 Soil strength and effective stress 7
1.4 Dilatancy and the critical state 12
1.5 Strength on preexisting failure planes 13
1.6 Soil stiffness and ground movements 13
1.7 Consolidation and swelling— ‘short- term’
and ‘long-term’ conditions 16
1.8 Consequences for engineering design 21
1.9 Structured soils 21
2 Soil properties 25
2.1 Soil models used for earth pressure
and retaining structure analysis 25
2.1.1 Rigid-plastic soil models 26
2.1.2 Winkler spring models 28
v
vi Contents
2.1.3 Elastic models 29
2.1.4 Plasticity and failure 31
2.2 Site investigation and acquisition of soil parameters 32
2.2.1 Key parameters 33
2.2.2 Methods of investigation 34
2.2.3 Desk studies and walk-over surveys 36
2.2.4 Depths and spacing of boreholes or probe holes 37
2.2.5 In situ testing 40
2.2.6 Sampling and laboratory testing 43
2.2.7 Groundwater conditions 48
2.3 Obtaining required soil parameters
from site investigation data 49
2.3.1 Bulk unit weight 50
2.3.2 Peak effective strength parameters, c΄ and ϕ΄ 50
2.3.3 Effective wall friction and adhesion 54
2.3.4 Critical state and CamClay parameters 57
2.3.5 Residual effective strength parameters 58
2.3.6 Undrained shear strength, c 59
u
2.3.7 Soil stiffness 60
3 Factors affecting earth pressure 63
3.1 Wall construction 63
3.1.1 Types of wall and their support 65
3.1.2 Construction of gravity walls 68
3.1.3 Construction of embedded walls 68
3.1.4 Construction of composite/hybrid walls 69
3.2 Wall and ground movements 71
3.2.1 Causes of wall and ground movements 71
3.2.2 Rigid body movements 72
3.2.3 Wall flexibility 73
3.2.4 Associated ground movements 75
3.3 Earth pressure principles 75
3.3.1 Components of earth pressure 76
3.3.2 Earth pressure at rest 77
3.3.3 Active and passive states 79
3.3.4 Earth pressure coefficients 81
3.3.5 Wall movements required for
active and passive conditions 88
3.3.6 Strain softening and progressive failure 89
Contents vii
3.3.7 Influence of type of wall
movement on earth pressure 92
3.3.8 Effect of wall flexibility on bending
moments applied to embedded walls 94
3.3.9 Stress relief during in situ
embedded wall construction 99
3.3.10 Pressure increases due to external loads 104
3.3.11 Compaction pressures—granular backfill 107
3.3.12 Compaction pressures—cohesive backfill 117
3.3.13 Swelling of backfill 119
3.3.14 Shrinkage and thermal effects in propped
walls and integral abutments 124
3.4 Summary 130
4 Water and retaining structures 131
4.1 Typical ground water conditions 131
4.1.1 Definition of water table 132
4.1.2 Hydrostatic groundwater 133
4.1.3 Artesian groundwater 133
4.1.4 Perched groundwater 134
4.1.5 Underdrainage 135
4.1.6 Rising groundwater 135
4.1.7 Conditions above the groundwater table 136
4.1.8 Groundwater and soil attack on
structural components 138
4.1.9 Groundwater contamination 138
4.2 Seepage and water pressure calculations 138
4.2.1 Wall loading from water 142
4.2.2 Tidal lag effects 148
4.3 Water-induced instability 149
4.3.1 Reduction in passive resistance 150
4.3.2 Hydraulic uplift (base heave) 151
4.3.3 Piping 152
4.3.4 Hydraulic fracture 157
4.3.5 Internal erosion 157
4.4 Groundwater control 159
4.4.1 Wall drainage 160
4.4.2 Soil dewatering 161
viii Contents
5 Global and local instability 163
5.1 Types of instability affecting retaining structures 163
5.2 Classification of instability and selection of parameters 166
5.2.1 Short-term or long-term parameters? 167
5.2.2 Peak, residual or critical state parameters? 168
5.3 Base heave and local failure calculations 169
5.4 Limit equilibrium analysis of overall instability 170
5.4.1 The method of slices 170
5.4.2 Methods of limit equilibrium slope stability analysis 172
5.4.3 Computer analysis of slope stability 173
5.4.4 Hand calculations and design charts 174
5.5 Detecting and stabilising preexisting instability 182
5.6 Stabilisation of slopes using retaining structures 183
Part II
Design 187
6 Wall selection 189
6.1 Reasons for selecting a particular form of retaining wall 189
6.2 Gravity walls 191
6.2.1 Mass concrete gravity walls 191
6.2.2 Gabions 191
6.2.3 Crib walling 193
6.2.4 Interlocking block walls 193
6.2.5 Masonry walls 194
6.2.6 ‘Semi-gravity’ concrete walls 196
6.2.7 Reinforced concrete cantilever walls 197
6.2.8 Counterfort walls 198
6.2.9 Buttressed walls 199
6.3 Embedded walls 199
6.3.1 Trenching systems 200
6.3.2 Sheet-pile walls 200
6.3.2.1 Steel 203
6.3.2.2 Wood 205
6.3.2.3 Concrete 205
6.3.3 Bored pile walls 207
6.3.4 Diaphragm walls 208
6.3.5 King post (‘soldier pile’ or ‘Berlin’) walls 212
6.3.6 Jet-grouted walls 213
