Table Of ContentJUJE S
With a new introduction by John McCormick
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Reflections on Liberty, Society and Government
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DOMINATIONS
POWERS
AND
*
By George Santayana
AND
GOVERNMENT
THE IDEA OF CHRIST IN THE GOSPELS OR GOD IN MAN
PERSONS AND PLACES: THE BACKGROUND OF MY LIFE
THE MIDDLE SPAN VOLUME TWO OF PERSONS AND PLACES
:
REALMS OF BEING
THE REALM OF SPIRIT
THE REALM OF TRUTH
THE PHILOSOPHY OF SANTAYANA: SELECTIONS FROM THE WORKS
OF GEORGE SANTAYANA
OBITER SCRIPTA: LECTURES, ESSAYS AND REVIEWS
THE LAST puritan: A MEMOIR IN THE FORM OF A NOVEL
SOME TURNS OF THOUGHT IN MODERN PHILOSOPHY
THE GENTEEL TRADITION AT BAY
THE REALM OF ESSENCE
THE REALM OF MATTER
PLATONISM AND THE SPIRITUAL LIFE
DIALOGUES IN LIMBO
POEMS
SCEPTICISM AND ANIMAL FAITH
SOLILOQUIES IN ENGLAND AND LATER SOLILOQUIES
CHARACTER AND OPINION IN THE UNITED STATES
THE SENSE OF BEAUTY
INTERPRETATIONS OF POETRY AND RELIGION
THE HERMIT OF CARMEL AND OTHER POEMS
WINDS OF DOCTRINE
THE LIFE OF REASON OR THE PHASES OF HUMAN PROGRESS
:
I. Introduction and Reason in Common Sense
II. Reason in Society
III. Reason in Religion
IV. Reason in Art
V. Reason in Science
LITTLE ESSAYS DRAWN FROM THE WORKS OF GEORGE SANTAYANA
By Logan Pearsall Smith, with the collaboration of theauthor.
GEORGE SANTAYANA
With a new introduction by John McCormick
DOMINATIONS
POWERS
AND
Reflections on Liberty, Society, and Government I
o
Transaction Publishers
NewBrunswick(U.S.A.) andLondon(U.K.)
New material this edition copyright © 1995 by Transaction Publish-
ers,NewBrunswick,NewJersey08903. Originallypublishedin 1950
by Charles Scribner's Sons. Excerpts from this bookwere originally
published in TheAtlanticMonthly, The "IntroductiontotheTransac-
tion Edition" originally appeared (in longer form) as chapter 33 of
George Santayana: A Biography by John McCormick, published in
1987 byAlfredA. Knopf, Inc.
All rights reservedunderInternational and Pan-American Copyright
Conventions. No part ofthisbookmaybe reproduced ortransmitted
in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including
photocopy, recording, or any information storage and retrieval sys-
tem, without prior permission in writing from the publisher. All in-
—
quiriesshouldbeaddressedtoTransactionPublishers,Rutgers The
State University, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903.
This book is printed on acid-free paper that meets theAmerican Na-
tionalStandardforPermanenceofPaperforPrintedLibraryMaterials.
Library ofCongress Catalog Number: 94-46394
ISBN: 1-56000-820-2
Printed in the United States ofAmerica
Library ofCongress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Santayana, George, 1863-1952.
Dominations andpowers reflections onliberty, society, and gov-
:
ernment / GeorgeSantayana ; withanewintrod.byJohnMcCormick.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 1-56000-820-2 (pbk. alk. paper)
— : —
1. Political science Philosophy. 2. Liberty Philosophy.
I. McCormick, John. II. Title.
JC251.S33 1995
320'.01—dc20 94-46394
CIP
CONTENTS
Introduction to the Transaction Edition xi
Preface xxi
,
PRELIMINARIES
Title and Subject of This Book i
The Sphere of Politics 3
Naturalism 6
The Roots of Spirit in Matter 10
The Agent in Politics Is the Psyche 14
Whether Naturalism Is Irreligious 17
Composition and Plan of This Book 22
BOOK FIRST
THE GENERATIVE ORDER OF SOCIETY
PART ONE
GROWTH IN THE JUNGLE
Chaos and Order
33
The Birth of Liberty 35
Primal Will 37
Needs and Demands 41
Liberty Lost 44
Vacant Freedom 46
Logical Liberty or Contingency 49
"Liberty of Indifference" 52
..
Captive Spirit and Its Possible Freedom §§
Vital Liberty 57
Necessary Servitude 60
Servitude to Society 64
Servitude to Custom 67
Natural Selfishness and Unselfishness 71
CONTENTS
vi
Slavery
73
Transition from Custom to Government 78
PART TWO
ECONOMIC ARTS
The Birth of Art 87
Claims and Conflicts of the Arts 92
Ambiguity of "Spirit" in the Arts 96
The Ethos of Agriculture 97
Domestic Morality 102
Ideal Monarchy 107
Moral Vicissitudes of Monarchy iii
Independence and Fusion among the Arts 118
Intrinsic Values of Government 121
Psychology of the Directive Imagination 125
Radiation of Political Life 128
PART THREE
THE LIBERAL ARTS
Play 135
Music 138
Words, Words, Words 140
Language and Ideas Symbolic 143
Mythical Domination of Ideas 145
Economic and Liberal Interests in Religion 148
The Dependence of Morality on Religion 155
How Religion May Become Political 160
Liberal Arts Liberate Spirit 168
BOOK SECOND
THE MILITANT ORDER OF SOCIETY
PART ONE
FACTION
Wars of Growth i77
Wars of Imagination I79
CONTENTS
vii
Private Judgment Ignorant but Inescapable 184
Militant Mind 189
The Mirage of Politics 194
Propaganda 198
Vicissitudes of Faith 202
The Disappearance of Chivalry 204
Realpolitik 208
The Sentimental Bandit 212
The Ravages of War 215
The Secret of Tyranny 220
Revolutionary Liberty 223
Alien Domination 225
Dominant Crime 227
Distinction between Crime and Madness 231
Ruling Madness 233
The Paradise of Anarchy "2.^^
PART TWO
ENTERPRISE
Degrees of Militancy 245
The Romance of Enterprise 247
The Middleman in Trade 249
Moral Ejffects of Trade 254
Radiation of Enterprise 261
Instability of Compound Units 267
Domination as an Art 271
Dissolution of the Arts 275
The Decline of the Great Powers 278
Natural and Artificial Allegiance 281
Militant Religions 284
BOOK THIRD
THE RATIONAL ORDER OF SOCIETY
The Status of Reason in Nature 295
Relativity of Knowledge and of Morals 300
CONTENTS
viii
Masks of Vice and Virtue 303
Relativity of Reason in Politics 307
Rational Authority 310
Rational Reforms 315
Rival Seats of Authority 321
Utility of Government 325
The Irony of Government 330
Confusions about Progress 334
Public Opinion 341
Spontaneous Democracy 344
Absolute Democracy 348
Moral Unanimity Impossible 352
Restricted Democracy 355
The American "Melting-Pot" 359
No Fixed Ideal of Society 362
Equality Not Conducive to Peace 365
Mystical Equality 366
Representative Government I
Only Generated Organisms Can Live or Think 370
Representative Government II
Moral Representation in Nature 373
Representative Government III
Moral Representation in Society 376
Representative Government IV
Should It Obey Public Feeling or Public Interest? 382
Representative Government V
Actual Functions of Parliaments 384
On the Subjects and Objects of Government 391
"Government of the People" 395
Who Are "The People"? 397
"Government by the People" I
How
Possible 402
"Government by the People" II
Psychology of Agreement 405
