Doing research in emergency and acute care : making order out of chaos

289 Pages·2015·7.52 MB·English

by  Michael P. Wilson

Doing Research in Emergency and Acute Care
Making Order Out of Chaos

Doing Research
in Emergency
and Acute Care
Making Order Out of Chaos
EditEd by
Michael P. Wilson
UC San diego Health Systems
department of Emergency Medicine
director of the department of Emergency Medicine behavioral Emergencies Research Lab, CA, USA
Kama Z. Guluma
Clinical Professor of Emergency Medicine and Research
Education Coordinator, UC San diego Health Systems
department of Emergency Medicine, CA, USA
Stephen R. Hayden
Professor in the UC San diego Health Systems
department of Emergency Medicine, CA, USA
this edition first published 2016 © 2016 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Registered Office
John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, the Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, UK
Editorial Offices
9600 Garsington Road, Oxford, OX4 2dQ, UK
the Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, UK
111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030‐5774, USA
For details of our global editorial offices, for customer services and for information about how to
apply for permission to reuse the copyright material in this book please see our website
at www.wiley.com/wiley‐blackwell
the right of the author to be identified as the author of this work has been asserted in accordance with the
UK Copyright, designs and Patents Act 1988.
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or
transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise,
except as permitted by the UK Copyright, designs and Patents Act 1988, without the prior permission of
the publisher.
designations used by companies to distinguish their products are often claimed as trademarks. All brand
names and product names used in this book are trade names, service marks, trademarks or registered
trademarks of their respective owners. the publisher is not associated with any product or vendor
mentioned in this book. it is sold on the understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering
professional services. if professional advice or other expert assistance is required, the services of a
competent professional should be sought.
the contents of this work are intended to further general scientific research, understanding, and discussion
only and are not intended and should not be relied upon as recommending or promoting a specific method,
diagnosis, or treatment by health science practitioners for any particular patient. the publisher and the
author make no representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents
of this work and specifically disclaim all warranties, including without limitation any implied warranties of
fitness for a particular purpose. in view of ongoing research, equipment modifications, changes in
governmental regulations, and the constant flow of information relating to the use of medicines,
equipment, and devices, the reader is urged to review and evaluate the information provided in the
package insert or instructions for each medicine, equipment, or device for, among other things, any
changes in the instructions or indication of usage and for added warnings and precautions. Readers should
consult with a specialist where appropriate. the fact that an organization or Website is referred to in this
work as a citation and/or a potential source of further information does not mean that the author or the
publisher endorses the information the organization or Website may provide or recommendations it may
make. Further, readers should be aware that internet Websites listed in this work may have changed or
disappeared between when this work was written and when it is read. No warranty may be created or
extended by any promotional statements for this work. Neither the publisher nor the author shall be liable
for any damages arising herefrom.
Library of Congress Cataloging‐in‐Publication Data
doing research in emergency and acute care : making order out of chaos / editors, Michael P. Wilson,
Kama Z. Guluma, Stephen R. Hayden.
p. ; cm.
includes bibliographical references and index.
iSbN 978-1-118-64348-8 (pbk.)
i. Wilson, Michael P., 1969–, editor. ii. Guluma, Kama, editor. iii. Hayden, Stephen, 1961–, editor.
[dNLM: 1. biomedical Research–methods. 2. Emergency Medicine. 3. Critical Care. 4. Research
design. Wb 105]
R850
610.72′4–dc23
2015015487
A catalogue record for this book is available from the british Library.
Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print may not
be available in electronic books.
Set in 8.5/10.5pt Meridien by SPi Global, Pondicherry, india
1 2016
Contents
List of contributors, ix
Part 1: Getting ready: Preparing for your research study
1 Aspects of research specific to acute care, 3
Jarrod M. Mosier and Peter Rosen
2 Aspects of feasibility in research, 7
Kama Z. Guluma
3 How do I formulate a research question?, 13
Michael P. Wilson
4 Evidence‐based medicine: Finding the knowledge gap, 17
Eddy Lang and Zubair Bayat
5 How to carry out an efficient literature search, 21
Aleksandr Tichter, Louise Falzon, and Peter Wyer
6 What do I need to know to get started with animal and basic science research?, 31
George J. Shaw
7 The IRB process: How to write up a human studies protocol, 37
Christian Tomaszewski
8 Ethics in research: How to collect data ethically, 45
Nas Rafi and Brian Snyder
9 Safety in research: How to ensure patient safety?, 53
Robert Grover and Vicken Y. Totten
Part 2: Getting it done: Doing your research study
10 How to design a study that everyone will believe: Minimizing bias and confounding, 61
Michael Witting
11 How to design a study that everyone will believe: An overview of research studies and 
picking the right design, 65
Julian Villar, Jennifer Lanning, and Robert Rodriguez
12 How to design a study that everyone will believe: Random selection and
allocation of patients to treatment conditions, 71
Katie L. Tataris, Mary Mercer, and Prasanthi Govindarajan
13 How to design a study that everyone will believe: Surveys, 79
Edward M. Castillo and Gary M. Vilke
14 How to design a study that everyone will believe: Retrospective reviews, 85
Jonathan Auten and Paul Ishimine
15 How to design a study that everyone will believe: Prehospital studies, 93
Christopher Kahn
16 How to design a study that everyone will believe: Ethical concepts for special
populations in emergency research, 97
Kimberly Nordstrom
v
vi Contents
17 How to design a study that everyone will believe: Industry studies, 105
Richard F. Clark and Alicia B. Minns
18 How to design a study that everyone will believe: Prospective studies, 115
Gary Gaddis
19 How to design a study that everyone will believe: Effectiveness, safety, and the intention to treat, 121
Ashleigh Campillo, Christopher J. Coyne, and Juan A. Luna
20 How to design a study that everyone will believe: Emergency department operations and systems, 129
Vaishal Tolia
21 How to design a study that everyone will believe: The challenges of doing international research, 133
Vicken Y. Totten
22 The development of clinical prediction rules, 139
Benton R. Hunter and Christopher R. Carpenter
23 Testing the safety and efficacy of devices: Device safety, as well as obtaining an IDE (investigational device
exemption) from the FDA, 149
Sean‐Xavier Neath
24 Privacy in research: How to collect data safely and confidentially, 155
Gary M. Vilke and Edward M. Castillo
25 How do I establish a research assistant program?, 161
Judd E. Hollander
26 How to complete a research study well and in a minimum of time: The importance of collaboration, 167
Austin Hopper and Michael P. Wilson
Part 3: Getting it out there: Analyzing and publishing your study
27 Eliminating common misconceptions to enable intelligent use of biostatistics:
How can a novice use statistics more intelligently?, 175
Gary Gaddis
28 Basic statistics: sample size and power: How are sample size and power calculated?, 183
Manish Garg, Richard Harrigan, and Gary Gaddis
29 Basic statistics: Means, P values, and confidence intervals, 191
Daniel del Portal and Richard Harrigan
30 Basic statistics: Assessing the impact of therapeutic interventions with odds-ratios, relative risk,
and hazard ratios, 199
Jesse J. Brennan and Edward M. Castillo
31 Basic statistics: Assessing the impact of a diagnostic test; choosing a gold standard,
sensitivity, specificity, PPV, NPV, and likelihood ratios, 205
Stephen R. Hayden
32 Advanced biostatistics: Chi‐square, ANOVA, regression, and multiple regression, 213
Gary Gaddis
33 Can I combine the results of this study with others? An introduction to systematic reviews, 223
Brian H. Rowe
34 How to write a scientific paper for publication, 231
Stephen R. Hayden
35 How do I make reviewers happy? The review process: What do reviewers
look for in a manuscript? What is the review process?, 239
David J. Karras and Jacob W. Ufberg
Contents vii
36 How do I write a grant?, 247
Zachary D.W. Dezman and Jon Mark Hirshon
37 How to make an academic career: Developing a successful path in research, 253
Deirdre Anglin and Michael Menchine
Glossary, 259
Index, 267