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Doing Data Analysis
with SPSS®
Version 18
Robert H. Carver
Stonehill College
Jane Gradwohl Nash
Stonehill College
Australia • Brazil • Japan • Korea • Mexico • Singapore • Spain • United Kingdom • United States
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Doing Data Analysis with SPSS® © 2012, 2009, 2006, Brooks/Cole Cengage Learning
Version 18
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In loving memory of my brother and teacher Barry,
and for Donna, Sam, and Ben, who teach me daily.
RHC
For Justin, Hanna and Sara—you are my world.
JGN
Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
Contents
Session 1. A First Look at SPSS Statisitcs 18 1
Objectives 1
Launching SPSS/PASW Statistics 18 1
Entering Data into the Data Editor 3
Saving a Data File 6
Creating a Bar Chart 7
Saving an Output File 11
Getting Help 12
Printing in SPSS 12
Quitting SPSS 12
Session 2. Tables and Graphs for One Variable 13
Objectives 13
Opening a Data File 13
Exploring the Data 14
Creating a Histogram 16
Frequency Distributions 20
Another Bar Chart 22
Printing Session Output 22
Moving On… 23
Session 3. Tables and Graphs for Two Variables 27
Objectives 27
Cross-Tabulating Data 27
Editing a Recent Dialog 29
More on Bar Charts 29
Comparing Two Distributions 32
v
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vi Contents
Scatterplots to Detect Relationships 33
Moving On… 34
Session 4. One-Variable Descriptive Statistics 39
Objectives 39
Computing One Summary Measure for a Variable 39
Computing Additional Summary Measures 43
A Box-and-Whiskers Plot 46
Standardizing a Variable 47
Moving On… 48
Session 5. Two-Variable Descriptive Statistics 51
Objectives 51
Comparing Dispersion with the Coefficient of Variation 51
Descriptive Measures for Subsamples 53
Measures of Association: Covariance and Correlation 54
Moving On… 57
Session 6. Elementary Probability 61
Objectives 61
Simulation 61
A Classical Example 61
Observed Relative Frequency as Probability 63
Handling Alphanumeric Data 65
Moving On… 68
Session 7. Discrete Probability Distributions 71
Objectives 71
An Empirical Discrete Distribution 71
Graphing a Distribution 73
A Theoretical Distribution: The Binomial 74
Another Theoretical Distribution: The Poisson 76
Moving On… 77
Session 8. Normal Density Functions 81
Objectives 81
Continuous Random Variables 81
Generating Normal Distributions 82
Finding Areas under a Normal Curve 85
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Contents vii
Normal Curves as Models 87
Moving On... 89
Session 9. Sampling Distributions 93
Objectives 93
What Is a Sampling Distribution? 93
Sampling from a Normal Population 94
Central Limit Theorem 97
Sampling Distribution of the Proportion 99
Moving On... 100
Session 10. Confidence Intervals 103
Objectives 103
The Concept of a Confidence Interval 103
Effect of Confidence Coefficient 106
Large Samples from a Non-normal (Known) Population 106
Dealing with Real Data 107
Small Samples from a Normal Population 108
Moving On... 110
Session 11. One-Sample Hypothesis Tests 113
Objectives 113
The Logic of Hypothesis Testing 113
An Artificial Example 114
A More Realistic Case: We Don't Know Mu or Sigma 117
A Small-Sample Example 119
Moving On... 121
Session 12. Two-Sample Hypothesis Tests 125
Objectives 125
Working with Two Samples 125
Paired vs. Independent Samples 130
Moving On... 132
Session 13. Analysis of Variance (I) 137
Objectives 137
Comparing Three or More Means 137
One-Factor Independent Measures ANOVA 138
Where Are the Differences? 142
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viii Contents
One-Factor Repeated Measures ANOVA 144
Where Are the Differences? 149
Moving On… 149
Session 14. Analysis of Variance (II) 153
Objectives 153
Two-Factor Independent Measures ANOVA 153
Another Example 159
One Last Note 161
Moving On… 162
Session 15. Linear Regression (I) 165
Objectives 165
Linear Relationships 165
Another Example 170
Statistical Inferences in Linear Regression 171
An Example of a Questionable Relationship 172
An Estimation Application 173
A Classic Example 174
Moving On... 175
Session 16. Linear Regression (II) 179
Objectives 179
Assumptions for Least Squares Regression 179
Examining Residuals to Check Assumptions 180
A Time Series Example 185
Issues in Forecasting and Prediction 187
A Caveat about "Mindless" Regression 190
Moving On... 191
Session 17. Multiple Regression 195
Objectives 195
Going Beyond a Single Explanatory Variable 195
Significance Testing and Goodness of Fit 201
Residual Analysis 202
Adding More Variables 202
Another Example 203
Working with Qualitative Variables 204
A New Concern 206
Moving On… 207
Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
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