DOE Handbook, Airborne Release Fractions/Rates and Respirable Fractions for Nonreactor

359 Pages·1996·2.93 MB·English

TS
NOT MEASUREMENT
SENSITIVE
DOE-HDBK-3010-94
December 1994
DOE HANDBOOK
AIRBORNE RELEASE FRACTIONS/RATES
AND RESPIRABLE FRACTIONS FOR
NONREACTOR NUCLEAR FACILITIES
Volume I - Analysis of Experimental Data
U.S. Department of Energy AREA SAFT
Washington, D.C. 20585
DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT A. Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.
This document has been reproduced directly from the best available copy.
Available to DOE and DOE contractors from the Office of Scientific and
Technical Information, P.O. Box 62, Oak Ridge, TN 37831; [phone].
Available to the public from the U.S. Department of Commerce, Technology
Administration, National Technical Information Service, Springfield, VA 22161;
[phone].
Order No. DE95004712
DOE-HDBK-3010-94
FOREWORD
1. This Department of Energy (DOE) Handbook is approved for use by the DOE and its
contractors as an information source.
2. Beneficial comments (recommendations, additions, deletions) and any pertinent data that
may be of use in improving this document should be addressed to: Director, Office of
Engineering, Operations, Security and Transition Support (DP-31, GTN), U.S. Department of
Energy, Washington, D.C., 20585.
3. The issue of airborne releases of radioactive material from nonreactor nuclear facilities
has been a subject of investigation for almost four decades, during which time a large
number of individuals have contributed to the current knowledge base. Beginning in the
1960’s, a number of experiments were conducted in the United States and other countries to
develop actual data on release potentials. In the late 1970s, the United States Nuclear
Regulatory Commission (NRC) sponsored a research program to develop improved methods
for realistically evaluating the consequences of major accidents in nuclear fuel cycle
facilities. This program culminated in the development of NUREG-1320 (5/88), "Nuclear
Fuel Cycle Facility Accident Analysis Handbook."
The U.S. DOE began placing an increased emphasis on environmental, health, and safety
issues in the mid- to late-1980s. In response to these efforts, the DOE Office of Defense
Programs (DP) sponsored the Defense Programs Safety Survey (11/93). One of the
objectives of this study was to build upon previous work to "develop consistent data and
methodologies for making conservative estimates of basic consequence derivation parameters."
As part of this effort, experimental data for airborne release fractions and respirable fractions
were summarized and evaluated to estimate reasonably bounding values for physical stresses
associated with the experiments. The unique and valuable nature of that compilation has been
judged to merit further development as a handbook that can be directly used by technical
analysts.
4. This handbook contains (1) a systematic compilation of airborne release and respirable
fraction experimental data for nonreactor nuclear facilities, (2) assessments of the data, and
(3) values derived from assessing the data that may be used in safety analyses when the data
are applicable. To assist in consistent and effective use of this information, the handbook
provides:
Identification of a consequence determination methodology in which the
information can be used;
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DOE-HDBK-3010-94
Discussion of the applicability of the information and its general technical
limits;
Identification of specific accident phenomena of interest for which the
information is applicable;
Examples of use of the consequence determination methodology and airborne
release and respirable fraction information.
It is acknowledged that the data examined in this handbook is limited to that available during
the preparation process. Other data may exist or be developed, and individuals are invited to
submit such material for consideration for any future revisions.
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This Department of Energy Handbook was prepared by Mr. Jofu Mishima and Mr. David
Pinkston of SAIC under the technical direction of Mr. Dae Chung, DOE Office of Defense
Programs. No one group of individuals, however, can appropriately take sole credit or
responsibility for an undertaking of this magnitude. The preparers would like to gratefully
acknowledge the specific authors whose works are referenced in this document and analysts,
operators, scientists, and managers throughout the Department of Energy weapons complex
and NRC fuel cycle licensee process who have labored for decades to define a context in
which this information is meaningful. This broad thanks extends likewise to the large
number of individuals who have provided comments on the handbook.
Additional individuals involved in the development and refinement of this document merit
special mention. Mr. Roger Blond of SAIC was the initiator of this effort under the
sponsorship of Mr. Jeff Woody and Mr. Gerald Gears, DOE-DP. The task of editing and
word processing this document was performed by William Benton, Collise Bohney, Sandra
Marks, Carla Merrill, Elizabeth Owczarski, and Dawn Standley.
Beyond the formal comment process used for documents of this type, the following
individuals provided valuable technical insights and/or specific reviews of this document in
its various stages of development:
Dr. Chris Amos, SAIC Mr. John Joyce, WHC
Ms. Marcel Ballinger, PNL Mr. Randy Kircher, H&R Tech. Assoc.
Dr. Sanford Bloom, MMES-OR Dr. Bob Luna, SNL
Dr. Bruce Boughton, SNL Ms. Lenna Mahonney, PNL
Dr. Sandra Brereton, LLNL Mr. Bob Marusich, PNL
Dr. Donald Chung, Scientech Dr. Louis Muhlenstein, WHC
Mr. Chris Everett, SAIC Dr. Louis Restrepo, SNL
Dr. Roland Felt, WINCO Mr. Fred Stetson, SAIC
Mr. Terri Foppe, EG&G-Rocky Flats Dr. Doug Stevens, LLNL
Mr. Abel Garcia, LLNL Mr. Ray Sullivan, SAIC
Dr. Norman Grandjean, SNL Ms. Wendy Ting, SAIC
Dr. John Haschke, LANL Mr. John Van Kieren, WHC
Mr. Hans Jordan, EG&G-Rocky Flats Dr. David Wilson, WSRC
One additional special effort merits final mention. In precursor efforts to this document, the
DOE Office of Nuclear Safety provided the services of a review panel organized and directed
by Dr. Vinod Mubayi, BNL, whose members were Dr. Brian Bowsher, AEA Tech. UK,
Dr. Bob Einzinger, PNL, Dr. Jim Gieseke, BCL, and Dr. Dana Powers, SNL. This group
reviewed draft versions of this document as well.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
VOLUME 1: MAIN TEXT
List of Figures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xii
List of Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xiv
List of Acronyms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xviii
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Purpose of Handbook . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-1
1.2 Source Term Formula . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-1
1.3 Applicability of Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-7
1.4 Accident Stresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-10
1.5 Handbook Organization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-12
2.0 MATERIALS IN THE GASEOUS STATE
2.1 Noncondensible Gases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-1
2.1.1 Summary of Analysis of Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-1
2.1.2 Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-1
2.2 Vapors (Condensible Gases) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-2
2.2.1 Summary of Analysis of Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-2
2.2.2 Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-2
3.0 LIQUIDS
3.1 Summary of Analysis of Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-1
3.2 Aqueous Solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-7
3.2.1 Thermal Stress: Evaporation and Boiling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-7
3.2.1.1 Heating Of Shallow Pools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-10
3.2.1.2 Heating of Pools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-13
3.2.1.3 Additional Evaporation and Bubbling Release Studies . . 3-15
3.2.2 Explosive Stress: Shock, Blast, and Venting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-18
3.2.2.1 Shock Effects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-18
3.2.2.2 Blast Effects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-19
3.2.2.3 Venting of Pressurized Liquids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-19
3.2.2.3.1 Venting Below the Liquid Level . . . . . . . . 3-20
3.2.2.3.2 Venting Above the Liquid Level or Overall
Containment Failure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-22
3.2.2.3.3 Flashing Spray . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-26
3.2.3 Free-Fall Spill . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-33
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3.2.3.1 Solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-33
3.2.3.2 Slurries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-35
3.2.3.3 Viscous Solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-36
3.2.4 Aerodynamic Entrainment and Resuspension . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-37
3.2.4.1 Spray Release From Large Outdoor Pond . . . . . . . . . . 3-37
3.2.4.2 Suspension of Liquids From Shallow Pools of
Concentrated Heavy Metal Solutions on
Stainless Steel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-40
3.2.4.3 Estimate of the Resuspension of Liquids
From Soil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-40
3.2.4.4 Suspension From Soil at Higher Windspeeds . . . . . . . . 3-41
3.2.4.5 Bounding Assessments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-41
3.3 Organic, Combustible Liquids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-42
3.3.1 Burning of Small Volume/Surface Area 30% TBP-Kerosine
Solutions, No Vigorous Boiloff . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-43
3.3.2 Pool Fires of 30% TBP-Kerosine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-44
3.3.3 Combustion of TBP-Kerosine Solutions Over Pools of Acid,
Vigorous Boiloff . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-44
3.3.4 Airborne Release of Uranium During the Burning of
Process Solvent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-46
3.3.5 Airborne Release During Combustion of TBP-Kerosine . . . . . . . 3-46
3.3.6 UNH and Air-Dried UNH on Various Surfaces During a
Shallow Pool Gasoline Fire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-48
3.3.7 Thermal Stress Bounding Recommendations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-49
4.0 SOLIDS
4.1 Summary of Analysis of Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-1
4.2 Metals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-11
4.2.1 Thermal Stress . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-11
4.2.1.1 Plutonium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-11
44.2.1.1.1 Room Temperature Oxidation/Corrosion . . . 4-12
4.2.1.1.2 Oxidation at Elevated Temperatures Below
Ignition Temperature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-19
4.2.1.1.3 Self-sustained Oxidation Above the Ignition
Temperature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-21
44.2.1.1.4 Disturbed Molten Metal Surface With High
Turbulence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-25
4.2.1.1.5 Small Molten Metal Drops Hurled Through
Air or Explosion of Entire Metal
Mass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-31
4.2.1.2 Uranium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-33
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4.2.1.2.1 Oxidation at Elevated Temperatures . . . . . . 4-37
4.2.1.2.2 Disturbed Molten Metal Surface With High
Turbulence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-42
4.2.1.2.3 Small Molten Metal Drops Hurled Through
Air or Explosion of Entire Metal
Mass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-44
4.2.2 Explosive Stress: Shock, Blast, and Venting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-44
4.2.2.1 Shock Effects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-45
4.2.2.2 Blast Effects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-45
4.2.2.3 Venting of Pressurized Gases Over Metals . . . . . . . . . 4-45
4.2.3 Free-Fall Spill and Impaction Stress . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-45
4.2.4 Aerodynamic Entrainment and Resuspension . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-46
4.3 Nonmetallic or Composite Solids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-46
4.3.1 Thermal Stress . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-46
4.3.1.1 Vitrified Waste . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-47
4.3.1.2 Aggregate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-48
4.3.1.3 Encased Nuclear Material . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-48
44.3.1.3.1 Spent Nuclear Fuel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-48
4.3.1.3.2 Metal Targets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-50
4.3.1.3.3 Metal Alloy and Cermet Targets . . . . . . . . 4-50
4.3.2 Explosive Stress: Shock, Blast, and Venting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-51
4.3.2.1 Shock Effects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-51
4.3.2.2 Blast Effects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-51
4.3.2.3 Venting of Pressurized Gases Over Solids . . . . . . . . . . 4-52
4.3.3 Free-Fall Spill and Impaction Stress . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-52
4.3.4 Aerodynamic Entrainment and Resuspension . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-52
4.4 Powders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-55
4.4.1 Thermal Stress . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-55
4.4.1.1 Chemically Nonreactive Compounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-56
4.4.1.2 Chemically Reactive Compounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-57
4.4.2 Explosive Stress: Shock, Blast, and Venting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-61
4.4.2.1 Shock Effects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-61
4.4.2.2 Blast Effects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-63
44.4.2.2.1 Unshielded Blast Effects From Detonations
and Large Volume, Confined
Deflagrations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-63
4.4.2.2.2 Shielded Blast Effects From Detonations
and Large Volume, Confined
Deflagrations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-65
4.4.2.3 Venting of Pressurized Powder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-69
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44.4.2.3.1 Venting of Pressurized Powders or
Pressurized Gases Through a Powder,
Pressure > 0.17 MPa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-70
g
44.4.2.3.2 Venting of Pressurized Powders or
Pressurized Gases Through a Powders,
Pressure < 0.17 MPa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-73
g
4.4.3 Free-Fall Spill and Impaction Stress . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-74
4.4.3.1 Free-Fall Spill of Powder with Air Velocity Normal to
the Direction of Fall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-74
44.4.3.1.1 Factors That Affect Dust Generation . . . . . 4-74
4.4.3.1.2 Free-Fall Spill Experiments . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-77
4.4.3.1.3 Free-Fall Spill of Powder Model . . . . . . . . 4-81
4.4.3.2 Free-Fall Spill with Enhanced Velocity Effects
Normal to the Direction of Fall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-82
4.4.3.3 Impact . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-83
44.4.3.3.1 Vibration Shock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-84
44.4.3.3.2 Large Falling Object Impact or Induced
Air Turbulence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-85
4.4.4 Aerodynamic Entrainment and Resuspension . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-88
4.4.4.1 Entrainment From the Surface of a Homogenous
Powder Layer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-88
44.4.4.1.1 Review Of Literature on Resuspension
Phenomena, Factors, and Rates . . . . . . . . . 4-88
4.4.4.1.2 Experimentally Measured Resuspension
Rates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-96
4.4.4.2 Suspension of Material by Vehicular Traffic . . . . . . . . 4-101
5.0 SURFACE CONTAMINATION
5.1 Summary of Analysis of Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-1
5.2 Contaminated, Combustible Solids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-9
5.2.1 Thermal Stress . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-9
5.2.1.1 Packaged Waste . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-10
5.2.1.2 Uncontained, Cellulosic Waste or Largely Cellulosic
Mixed Waste . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-13
5.2.1.3 Dispersed Ash Dropped into Airstream or Exposed to
Forced Draft Air . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-15
5.2.1.4 Uncontained Plastics/Elastomers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-16
5.2.1.4.1 Polychloropene (Elastomer, Rubber) . . . . . . 5-17
5.2.1.4.2 Polymethylmethacrylate (Lucite/Perspex,
Windows) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-17
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