Document Imaging: Computer Meets Press

198 Pages·1997·7.099 MB·English

by  Dr. Jürgen Schönhut (auth.)

Computer Graphics
Systems and Applications
Managing Editor: J. L. Encarnac;:ao
Editors: K. BfI J. D. Foley R. A. Guedj
P. J. W. ten Hagen F. R. A. Hopgood M. Hosaka
M. Lukas A. G. Requicha
Springer
Berlin
Heidelberg
New York
Barcelona
Budapest
Hong Kong
London
Milan
Paris
Santa Clara
Singapore
Tokyo
Ju rgen Schonhut
Document Imaging
Computer Meets Press
With 88 Figures, 38 in Color
, Springer
Dr. Jurgen SchOnhut
Fraunhofer-Institut
fur Graphische Datenverarbeitung IGD
RundeturmstraBe 6
D-64283 Darmstadt
Library of Congress Cataloging-In-Publication Data
Schonhut, Jurgen.
Document imaging: computer meets press I Jurgen Schonhut.
p. em. -- (Computer graphics--systems and applicationS)
Includes bibliographical references and Index.
ISBN-13: 978-3-642-64496-2 e-ISBN-13: 978-3-642-60656-4
001: 10.1007/978-3-642-60656-4
1. Document imaging systems. I. Title. II. Series.
HF5737.S36 1997
006.4'2--dc21 97-26264
CIP
ISBN-13:978-3-642-59945-3 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg New York
This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the
material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations,
recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other way, and storage in data
banks. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions
of the German Copyright Law of September 9,1965, in its current version, and permission for
use must always be obtained from Springer-Verlag. Violations are liable for prosecution under
the German Copyright Law.
© Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 1997
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1997
The use of registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the
absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws
and therefore free for general use.
Typesetting: Camera-ready by the author
Cover: Klinkel + Lapka, Heidelberg
SPIN: 10519522 33/3142 -5 4 3 2 1 0 -Gedruckt auf saurefreiem Papier
Acknowledgements
Acknowledgements
As with many projects in life this book would not have been
possible without the help of many individuals. Special thanks
are due to Prof. Jose L. Encarna~ao for his encouragement
during the time of writing. The history of the creation of this
book dates five years back. Starting with Microsoft Word (later
for Windows) showed problems with typesetting of formulas;
the advice of Springer-Verlag to produce the book in LaTeX
turned out to show different problems - color images could
not well be integrated. In the end we decided to use PageMaker,
but it still was not an easy task.
Therefore I happily acknowledge the invaluable help of
the following people: Jorg Zedler for the support going through
several iterations of tools to produce this book including some
of the more complex illustrations, Karin Ztirner for producing
many of the illustrations and helping with layout, Uwe
Schneider with the attempt to put everything into LaTeX and
with typesetting formulas, Haimo Pritz and Marwan Ramadan
for producing some illustrations, Stefan Daun for support in
various aspects, Michael Kokula for the idea how to illustrate
certain details in image rastering, Cornelia Nestmann for
putting colorimetric data in machine readable format, all the
rest of my department for support and contribution of ideas
and critics, Dr. Michael Macedonia for reading most of the
text for correct English, and also for his helpful suggestions.
This book could also not have been produced without the
patience of my wife and my children; they excused me in many
occasions to give me the time to bring this book to its comple
tion.
Darmstadt, May 1997 v
Table of Contents
Table of Contents
1 Preface 1
2 Introduction 3
2.1 A Simple Reference Model for
Document Imaging. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . .3 . . . .
2.2 Topics Covered. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
3 Color Phenomena in Display and Printing 7
3.1 Introduction ....... ....................... 7
3.2 The Human Eye. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . 1. 0. . .
3.2.1 Retina: Rods for Brightness and Cones
for Chromaticity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .1 1. . . . .
3.3 Eye Response Functions ................... 11
3.4 Illuminants (Daylight, A, B, C, D50, D65)
and White Point . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . 15 . . . . .
3.5 Metamere Colors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... .1 .9 . . . .
3.6 Tristimulus vs. Opponent Color Theory. . . . . . .. 19
3.7 Model of Vision for Colored Objects. . . . . . . . . . 20
3.8 Equally Distant Color Systems ..... ... ...... 22
3.8.1 CIE L *u*v* ....... ................... ... 23
3.8.2 CIE L *a*b* ................ .. ........... 24
3.8.3 Color Difference Measures ....... .. .... .... 25
3.8.4 Standard White Values. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . .2 .7
3.8.5 Metameric Index ......................... 28
3.9 Color in Printing: ROB, CMY(K),
CIE L *a *b*, and Separations. . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 .0 .
3.10 Halftoning .............................. 35
3.11 Simple Model for Halft oning Screens ......... 38 vii
Table of Contents
3.12 Clustered Dot Halftoning . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 0. . . . .
3.13 Dot Shapes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.0 . . . . . . . .
3.14 Overprinting of Multiple Separations ......... 43
3.15 Rational vs. Irrational Screens . . . . . . . . . . . 4.4 . . .
3.16 FM screens . ... ..... .. .... ...... ......... 45
3.17 AM, FM, and Dot Gain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4. 5. . . . .
3.18 A Simple Printing Model:
The Neugebauer Equations ... ........ . . . . . . 46
3.19 Printing Processes on an Offset Press .... . . . . .4 8
3.19.1 Thickness of Ink Coating . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . 49
3.19.2 Raster Points in the Process . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .4 .9 .
3.19.3 Press Effects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . 5.1 . . . . .
3.19.4 Printing Characteristics .................... 52
3.19.5 Color Balance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . 5.3 . . . . .
3.19.6 Ink Trapping and Color Printing Sequence . . .. . 58
3.19.7 Color Control Strip. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. 5. 9. . . .
3.20 Press Measurement. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. 6. 2. . . .
3.20.1 Densitometric Measurement ..... ....... . .. . 62
3.20.2 Colorimetric Measurement. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63. . . .
4 Fully Digital Workflow for elM for Print 65
4.1 Creative Systems .. ....... .......... ... ... 66
4.1.1 Text: Text Editors, Typesetting Systems ....... 66
4.1.2 Graphics: Graphics Editors ... ...... ....... . 66
4.1.3 Images: Scanners, Image Editors. . . . . . . . ... . 6.8
4.1.4 External Representations
(ImportJExport): PS, EPS, AI, TIFF, OPI ..... . 68
4.2 Layout Tools. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6. 8 . . . . . . .
4.2.1 Import to Layout .... ..................... 69
4.2.2 Export from Layout . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6. 9. . . . ..
4.3 Imposition Tools. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... .6 9. . . . .
4.3.1 Input to Imposition. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. 7. 1. . . .
4.3.2 Output from Imposition . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .7 2. . .
4.4 OPI Servers ............................. 72
4.4.1 Import . .... ... .... .. ........ ... .... ... . . 73
4.4.2 Export .................................. 73
4.5 RIPs ................................... 73
4.5.1 Structure and Architecture of RIPs ........... 74
4.5.2 Processing Graphical Primitives in a RIP ..... . 75
4.5.3 RIPs and Image Setter Device Effects . . . . . . . .. 81
viii 4.5.4 Performance of RIPs ........ ...... . .. .. .. . 84
Table of Contents
4.5.5 Functionality of RIPs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . 8. 5. . .
4.5.6 Environments for RIPs. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. 8. 5. . .
4.5.7 Controlling the RIP Process. . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 6 . . .
4.5.8 Quality Issues for RIPs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... 8. 7. . .
4.5.9 Resources for the RIP. . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . 8.7 . . .
4.5.10 RIPs as Part of a Workflow Solution . . . . . . ... .8 8
4.5.11 Input into and Output from RIPs . . . . . . . . .. .. . 89
4.6 Trapping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8. 9. . . . . . . . .
4.6.1 Trapping in Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . ... .9 .0 . .
4.6.2 Trapping in the RIP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. 9. 0. . . .
4.7 Image Setters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 1. . . . . . . .
4.7.1 Input into the Image Setters . . . . . . . . . . . . 9. 2. . . .
4.7.2 Output from Image Setters on Film or Plate . . .. 92
4.8 Plate Copiers ...... ..... .... ... ... .. ..... 92
4.8.1 Plate Copy Input and Output . . . . . . . . . . ... . 93. .
4.9 Presses ... ........ ... .......... .. ... ... . 93
4.9.1 Import: Plates, CIP3 PPF . . . . . . . . . . . . ... .9 5. . .
4.9.2 Output: Print Sheets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9. 6. . . . ..
4.10 Finishing Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 .6 . . . . .
5 Formats 97
5.1 PostScript ............................... 97
5.1.1 Levell........... ....... ...... ... ...... 98
5.1.2 Level 2 .... ... ... .. ... ..... .... .... ..... 99
5.1.3 Encapsulated PostScript. . . . . . . . . . . . ... . 1.0 0. .
5.1.4 Integrating different PostScript sources ...... . 100
5.1.5 Color Concepts in PostScript .............. . 101
5.l.6 Device Independence .................... . 104
5.1.7 PostScript Language Excursion ............ . 104
5.2 Acrobat and Portable Document Format .. . .. . 110
5.3 Tagged Image File Format (TIFF) .......... . II ]
5.3.1 Color Concepts in TIFF ...... ......... .. . . III
5.3.2 Image Organization ...... ... .... ........ . 112
5.3.3 Compression and Encoding Methods .. .. .... . 112
5.4 COM ... .. .......... .... ...... .... .. .. . 113
5.4.1 COM 1987 .... ..... .. .......... .... ... . 113
5.4.2 CGM 1992 ......... ...... ........ ..... . 113
5.4.3 COM Encodings ...... .. ......... .. ..... . 114
5.5 Image Interchange Facility (lPI-IIF) ..... ... . 114
5.6 Prepress Interchange Formats ............. . ]15
5.6.1 ITS ............................... ... . 115 ix
Table of Contants
5.6.2 HandShake... .... .. .. .. .. ....... .. ..... 115
5.6.3 ChromaLink ...... .... .... .............. 116
5.7 PhotoCD .... ..... .. .. .. ....... ......... 116
5.8 Document Related Standards ............... 117
5.8.1 Standard Generalized Markup
Language(SGML) ..... .. ............. ... 117
5.8.2 Standard Page Description
Language (SPDL) ..... .. ...... .......... , 118
6 Problem Areas 119
6.1 Color. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . .1 19. . . . . . .
6.1.1 Color Space ..... .... ... ... ...... .. ..... 119
6.1.2 Color Calibration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . 120. . . .
6.1.3 Color Management. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .1 .2 0. . .
6.1.4 Transparency........ ..... ... ........ ... 121
6.1.5 Color Interpolation ....................... 121
6.2 Fonts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12. 2. . . . . . . . .
6.2.1 Font Formats ........................... 122
6.2.2 Font Exchange . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . 1. 2.3 . . . .
6.2.3 Font Substitution ....... . . . . . . . . . . .. .. 1. 2. 4 .
6.3 Resource Requirements ...... .... .. .... ... 125
7 The Integration Problem 127
7.1 Integration of different Formats . . . . . . . .. .. .1 2.7
7.2 Conversion to a single Format .. ..... ....... 127
7.3 Integration without Conversion ............. 128
7.3.1 Integration Architecture. . . . . . . . . . . . ... . 1. 30. .
7.3.2 Interpreter Kernel. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. 1. 3.0 . . .
7.3.3 PostScript Parser ......... ..... .. .. ...... 130
7.3.4 PCL 5 and HPGL 2 ....................... 130
7.3.5 CGM ....... .... .......... ...... ... .... 131
7.3.6 Image Formats .......................... 131
7.3.7 Image Filters. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 31. . . . . . .
7.3.8 Font Server ............................. 131
7.3.9 TigerType....... .. .... .............. ... 132
8 Information Interchange for the Production 133
8.1 Media Use for Information Interchange ... .... 133
8.2 Interchange of Editable Objects. . . . . . . . .. .. .1 34
8.3 Advertisement Transmission from
x Prepress to Newspapers . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .1 3. 5 . .
Table of Contents
8.4 The CIP3 Print Production Format (PPF) .... . 138
8.4.1 What is CIP3 PPF? ..................... . 138
8.4.2 How to Boost Productivity? ... ............ . 138
8.4.3 Order Processing ....................... . 139
8.4.4 Prepress .............................. . 139
8.4.5 Press ................................. . 139
8.4.6 Postpress ............ ..... ... ....... ... . 139
8.4.7 Delivery .............................. . 140
8.4.8 CIP3 History .................. ......... . 140
8.4.9 Members of CIP3 Group as of March 1997 ... . 140
8.4.10 Content of CIP3 PPF (V2.0) ... ... ........ . 141
8.4.11 State-of-the-art Example ................. . 142
8.4.12 CIP3 Example .... ..................... . 142
8.4.13 Current Use at Different Stages .... ........ . 143
8.4.14 CIP3 PPF Extensions in Work ............. . 143
8.4.15 Productivity Benefits of CIP3 .. ... ....... . . 143
8.4.16 Experiences in Practice .................. . 144
8.4.17 CIP3 Environmental Benefits ..... ........ . 144
8.4.18 Information About CIP3 .................. . 144
9 Outlook: From Printing to
Cross Media Publishing 145
Bibliography and References 147
Glossary 153
Index 179
xi