Table Of ContentDIVERSITY IN AMERICAN
HIGHER EDUCATION
Diversity has been a focus of higher education policy, law, and scholarship for
decades, continually expanding to include not only race, ethnicity, and gender, but
also socioeconomic status, sexual and political orientation, and more. However,
existing collections still tend to focus on a narrow definition of diversity in educa-
tion, or in relation to singular topics like access to higher education, financial aid,
and affirmative action. By contrast, Diversity in American Higher Education captures
in one volume the wide range of critical issues that comprise the current discourse
on diversity on the college campus in its broadest sense.
This edited collection explores:
(cid:129) legal perspectives on diversity and affirmative action;
(cid:129) higher education’s relationship to the deeper roots of K–12 equity and
access;
(cid:129) policy, politics, and practice’s effects on students, faculty, and staff.
Bringing together many of the leading experts on diversity in higher education
scholarship, Diversity in American Higher Education redefines the agenda for diver-
sity as we know it today.
Lisa M. Stulberg is Associate Professor of Educational Sociology at New
York University’s Steinhardt School of Culture, Education, and Human
Development.
Sharon Lawner Weinberg is Professor of Applied Statistics and Psychology and
former Vice Provost for Faculty Affairs at New York University.
DIVERSITY IN
AMERICAN HIGHER
EDUCATION
Toward a More
Comprehensive Approach
Edited by Lisa M. Stulberg and
Sharon Lawner Weinberg
First published 2011
by Routledge
711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017
Simultaneously published in the UK
by Routledge
2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN
Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business
© 2011 Taylor & Francis
The right of the editors to be identified as the author of the editorial
material, and of the authors for their individual chapters, has been
asserted in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright,
Designs and Patents Act 1988.
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or
utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now
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without intent to infringe.
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
Diversity in American higher education : toward a more comprehensive
approach / edited by Lisa M. Stulberg and Sharon Lawner Weinberg.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
1. Minorities—Education (Higher)—United States. 2. Universities and
colleges—United States—Admission. 3. Educational equalization—
United States. I. Stulberg, Lisa M. II. Weinberg, Sharon L.
LC3731.D58 2011
378.1'9829—dc22
2010051840
ISBN13: 978–0–415–87451–9 (hbk)
ISBN13: 978–0–415–87452–6 (pbk)
ISBN13: 978–0–203–83674–3 (ebk)
Typeset in Bembo and Stone Sans
by Swales & Willis Ltd, Exeter, Devon
Printed and bound in the United States of America on acid-free paper by
Walsworth Publishing Company, Marceline, MO
To our wonderful and devoted families, for their love and
continuing support during the length of this project – and
always.
Evan Rudall and Avery and Eli Rudall-Stulberg
Steven Weinberg, Allison Weinberg and Jason Barro,
Carolyn Weinberg and Philip Korn, Danielle and Julia
Barro, and Sarah Korn
CONTENTS
List of Figures x
List of Tables xii
Notes on Contributors xiii
Acknowledgements xxi
Introduction 1
Lisa M. Stulberg and Sharon Lawner Weinberg
SECTION I
The K–12 Pipeline: Impacts on Educational Equity 5
1 Ethnic and Social Class Disparities in Academic Skills:
Their Origins and Consequences 7
Meredith Phillips
2 Inside the K–12 Pipeline for Black and Latino Students 25
Amanda E. Lewis and Michelle J. Manno
3 Testing, No Child Left Behind, and Educational Equity 36
Linda Darling-Hammond
viii Contents
SECTION II
The Diversity Imperative: Postsecondary Institutional
and Legal Ramifications 49
4 A Long View on “Diversity”: A Century of American
College Admissions Debates 51
Lisa M. Stulberg and Anthony S. Chen
5 The Diversity Imperative in Elite Admissions 63
Mitchell L. Stevens and Josipa Roksa
6 The Diversity Rationale: Its Limitations for
Educational Practice 74
Mitchell J. Chang and María C. Ledesma
7 The Official Organization of Diversity in American Higher
Education: A Retreat from Race? 87
anthony lising antonio and Chris Gonzalez Clarke
SECTION III
Understanding Progress and Continuing
Challenges in American Higher Education 105
8 Trends in the Education of Underrepresented Racial
Minority Students 107
Peter Teitelbaum
9 Gender Equity in Higher Education 117
Claudia Buchmann and Thomas A. DiPrete
10 LGBT Students, Faculty, and Staff: Past, Present, and
Future Directions 128
Debbie Bazarsky and Ronni Sanlo
11 Identifying Talent, Interrupting the Usual: Diversifying
the Faculty 142
Daryl G. Smith
12 Asian Americans and Diversity Talk: The Limits of the
Numbers Game 153
Dana Takagi
Contents ix
13 Conservative Critics and Conservative College Students:
Variations in Discourses of Exclusion 165
Amy J. Binder and Kate Wood
14 Explaining Professors’ Politics: Is It a Matter of Self-Selection? 178
Neil Gross and Catherine Cheng
15 Experiences of Exclusion and Marginalization: A Study
at the Individual Student Level 195
Bonita London, Vanessa Anderson, and Geraldine Downey
SECTION IV
Future Implications for Diversity: Practice,
Policy, and the Law 207
16 HBCUs: Continued Relevance in the New Century 209
Sarah Willie-LeBreton
17 The Role of Women’s Colleges in the Twenty-First Century 221
Leslie Miller-Bernal
18 The New Financial Aid Policies: Their Impact on Access
and Equity for Low-Income Students 232
Bridget Terry Long
19 Improving Assessments of Faculty Diversity 247
Sharon Lawner Weinberg
20 New Legal Perspectives: Implications for Diversity in the
Post-Grutter Era 260
Lia Epperson
Index 276
FIGURES
1.1 Ethnic and Social Class Test Score Disparities 8
1.2 Ethnic and Social Class Disparities in College Application 11
1.3 Ethnic and Social Class Disparities in College Attendance 12
1.4 Ethnic and Social Class Disparities in Four-Year College
Completion 13
1.5 Ethnic and Social Class Test Score Disparities among
Four-Year-Olds 15
1.6 Academic Growth between Kindergarten and Eighth Grade,
by Ethnic Group 16
1.7 Academic Growth between Kindergarten and Eighth Grade,
by Parents’ Education 17
1.8 Test Score Mobility between Kindergarten and Eighth Grade 18
1.9 Ethnic and Social Class Disparities in Eighth Grade Test Scores 19
7.1 Functional Areas of CDO Offices 99
8.1 The Percentage of 25- to 29-year-old Whites, African
Americans and Latinos Who Earned a Bachelor’s Degree
between 1940 and 2007 109
8.2 The Percentage of the Freshman Class That Was African
American, Latino or Native American at the University of
Texas at Austin and the University of California at Berkeley
between 1996 and 2008 110
8.3 The Percentage of Students Who Enrolled as Freshmen in
four-year, Title IV Institutions in the 1997 and 2001 Academic
Years and Graduated within Six Years, by Race 112
List of Figures xi
8.4 The Percentage of All Bachelor’s, Master’s, First-Professional,
and Doctor Degrees Earned by African American and Latino
Students between 1981 and 1997 113
8.5 The Percentage of Lawyers, Doctors and Tenured Professors
Who Were African American and Latino in 2000 and 2001 114
19.1 Nation-Wide Percentage Distributions by Year for U.S.
University Doctoral Recipients 258
19.2 School-Wide Percentage Distributions by Year for Full-Time
Faculty in the School of Arts and Science at a Private
Research University 258
19.3 Discipline-Wide Percentage Distributions by Year of Full-Time
Faculty in the Humanities at a Private Research University 259
19.4 Department-Wide Percentages of Black Full-Time Faculty
in the Humanities 259
