Table Of Content植物研究雑誌
J. Jpn. Bot.
Originals 81:255-261 (2006)
Diversity，Di stribution and Host Range of Mistletoes
in Godawari-Phulchoki Area，Ka thmandu，Ne pal
Mohan P. DEVKOTAa and Ripu M. KUNWARb
aAmrit Campus，Tr ibhuvan University，Ka thmandu，NE PAL;
bCentre for Biological Conservation，K athmandu，N EPAL
E-mail: [email protected]@yahoo.com
(Received on May 11，2 006)
Present study describes the diversity，di stribution and host range of mistletoes spe-
cies in Godawari-Phulchoki area，N epal. Total 69 host species representing 57 genera
from 38 families were p;:rrasitized by 10 mistletoes species. Scurrula parasitica and
Helixanthera ligustrina respes-tively p訂asitized38 and 25 host species. Most of the host
species were belonging to the families Rosaceae，R utaceae and Fagaceae. The host spe-
cies Castanea sativa，P opulus deltoids，C allistemon citrinus and Pyrus pashia were effi-
cient possessing the largest number of mistletoes infestations. Of the 10 mistletoes
species，f our species were solely from the genus Scurrula. Scurrula gracilifolia，
Macrosolen cochinchinensis，a nd Viscum loranthi were new records from Kathmandu
Valley. Observations of Scurrula parasitica as hyperparasite on S. pulverulenta and
Viscum loranthi as obligate epiparasite on Loranthus odoratus and Macrosolen
cochinchinensis were noticeable.
Key words: Diversity，ho st range，L oranthaceae，mi stletoes，N epa .l
Mistletoes，h ighly specialised flowering et al. 1998) and of Dendrophthoe falcata
p asitic plants comprising 1306 species was 401 (Hawksworth et al. 1993) from 227
訂
(Nickrent 2002) from ab road range of habi- genera under 77 fami1ies. The 1ist was 319
tats， have been considered a successful for D. falcata from India (Singh 1962) and
polyphyletic group due to their ability to 48 for Scurrula elata from Central Nepal
exploit hosts. They selectively infest trees Himalayas (Devkota and Glatzel 2005). It
and shrubs (Kunwar et al. 2005)，a nd their was 81 and 29 for S. pulverulenta respec-
greatest diversity is found in forests and tively from India (Pundir 1995) and
woodlands (Ku討t 1969， Calder 1983， Kathmandu Valley， Nepal (Devkota and
Hawksworth 1983). There is hardly any tree Acharya 1996).
or shrub，w hich is immune to the attack of With the beginning of the 19th century a
mistletoes (Johri and Bhatnagar 1972). series of botanical explorations started in
Distinctively the aayof their hosts ranges Nepal but the extensive mistletoes study re-
町
from the forest trees，a venue trees，o rchard mained unattained. The first record of mis-
trees， ornamental trees， shrubs， thorny tletoes in Nepal was made in Prodromus
scrubs，to euphorbs and cacti. Flora Nepalensis (D. Don 1825) mentioning
An extensive compilation of host list of seven species. After 60 ye s，Hooker (1888)
紅
mistletoe Viscum album was 452 species enumerated seven species of mistletoes (two
from 96 genera under 44 families (Barney new species) from Nepal in his compilation
-255-
256 植物研究雑誌第81巻第5号 平成18年10月
Flora 01 British India. The number of mistle- dominated by Schima wallichii，C asαtωnopsi臼S
，
toes species increased up to 10 in 1966 (Hara i仇'ndiたCα仏， Cα仏品Mαnopsiおstrバ"，"ibuloideιム島 C. histrix，
1966) and 12 in 1976 (HMGIN 1976). Total Quercus glauca，L yonia ovalifolia，M ichelia
15 mistletoes species from Nepal was listed kisopa，et c.
by Hara et al. (1982) in their compilation Field survey -Field survey was carried out
Enumeration 01 the Flowering Plants 01 from May 2004 to April 2005. Standard
Nepal. HMGIN (1986) and Devkota and sized mistletoes specimens were collected
Acharya (1996) reported nine mistletoes spe- carefully without endangering their local
cies each from Kathmandu Valley，h owever， population，a nd herbarium specimens were
the species were different. Note same as that prep edfol1owing Bridson and Forman
紅
of Hara et al. (1982) was made by Koba (1992). Comparative analysis was made with
et al. (1994)，Pr ess et al. (2000) and HMGIN relevant earlier publications. Intemational
(2001). A record of three new species for Plant Name Index (http://www勾ni.org)was
Nepal was made by Devkota and Glatzel accessed for the taxonomic nomenclature of
(2005) and of an ew species for Nepal was mistletoes and host species.
maintained by Devkota and Koirala (2005).
The number of mistletoes for Nepal is now Results and Discussion
19 (Devkota 2005). Diversity -Total 69 host species represent-
Mistletoes are important component of ing 57 genera from 38 families (Table 1)
plant diversity and forest ecosystem due to were infested by 10 mistletoes species. Of
their interactive role with other plants and the 10 species，s even belonged to four genera
animals. However，th eir detail studies on dis- (Helixanthera，L oranthus，M acrosolen and
tribution，d iversity and host range of mistle- Scurrula) under the family Loranthaceae and
toes in Nepal is lacking. Limited studies three belonged to single genus Viscum under
neither ref1ect the field level data nor entail the family Viscaceae. Scurrula was the larg-
the management sategies.Present study est genus possessing four species. The
位
was，th erefore，a n attempt to study the distri- naowhost range of Viscaceous mistletoes
町
bution，di versity and host range of mistletoes shows ah igh degree of host specificity since
in Godawari-Phulchoki area， Kathmandu they infest al imited number of hosts of few
Va lley，N e pal. families despite their occuencein ah etero-
町
geneous host community similar to the result
Materials and Methods of Devkota (2003). The extremely naow
町
Study area - Godawari-Phulchoki ea， host range of Viscaceous mistletoes of the
訂
Kathmandu Valley ranging between 1，552- Godawari eacould be the result of the
紅
2，760 m elevation and well known for f10ral behaviour of dispersers as suggested by Kuijt
and faunal diversity was considered as study (1969).
ea.The ealies in the southeast comer of HMGIN (1986) reported nine mistletoes
訂 紅
the Kathmandu Valley stretching between species from the Kathmandu Valley;
27033' to 27036'N and 85022' to 85026'E and HMGIN (1997) recorded six mistletoes
characterizing typical monsoon climate with species from Phulchoki and Godawari area
wet summer and dry winter. Forestlands， of Kathmandu Val1ey; and HMG/N (2003)
premises of the Royal Botanical Garden，S t. listed one mistletoe species (Scurrula
Xavier' ss chool，h oneybee development sec- parasitica) from the Royal Botanical
tion，f ishery research centre，h orticulture Garden，G odawari，K athmandu Valley. The
centre and adjoining settlements of the study present study recorded Macrosolen
area were selected as study sites. The area is cochinchinensis，S currula gracilifolia and
October 2006 Joumal of Japanese Botany Vo .l81 No. 5 257
Viscum loranthi as new records for Devkota and Acharya (1996) in the
Kathmandu Valley and it maintained the Kathmandu Va lley. Results of this study are
mistletoes species 12 for the Va lley. consistent，s ome extent，to aw ide range of
Distribution and host range - The distri- hosts reported by Ganguly and Pal (1975)，
bution of mistletoes in natural plant commu- Hawksworth et al. (1993) and Pundir (1995)
nities is never uniform. It is altered by the for Loranthaceous mistletoes.
microclimate such as temperature，s unlight， Almost every tree of Celtis australis was
slopes，a spect，e tc. Mistletoes were abun- infested by Viscum articulatum in Phulchoki
dantly seen in forest fringes，r oadsides and area showing high preferences towards ap
紅白
semi disturbed sites. Marginal forests located ticular host. Similarly，p resence of Salix
at w m sunny slopes affected by human babylonica tree in the botanical garden was
紅
activities create open areas and provide the surest indication of the occuenceof
町
better opportunities for mistletoes habitat Scurrula parasitica. Affinity of Macrosolen
(Devkota and Glatzel 2005). The finding is cochinchinensis with the host Schima
consistent with the finding of Ganguly and wallichii and Helixanthera ligustrina with
Kumar (1976) and Lopez et al. (2002). The Melia azedarach was remarkable. Obser-
marginal areas of the forest are also better vations showed that 60 percent of Melia
habitats for mistletoes pollinator and trees were infested by Helixanthera and 52
disperser bird species (Ladley and Kelly percent of the Schima trees were parasitized
1996). by Macrosolen. Matured eeswere found to
佐
The host species diversity was noticeable be infested than the younger ones. Am atured
in study area. Most of them belonged to the Castanea sativa tree was infested with five
three families: Rosaceae， Rutaceae and mistletoes species such as Scurrula elata，S.
Fagaceae. The families Lauraceae，R osaceae parasitica， S. pulverulenta， Loranthus
and Fagaceae were most parasitized in odoratus and Viscum loranthi. Of the five，
Kathmandu Valley (Devkota and Acharya later one was found as an obligatory
1996) and Rosaceae， Lauraceae and epiparasite on L. odoratus. Similarly，m a-
Anacardiaceae in Central Nepal Himalayas tured host trees Populus deltoids were para-
(Devkota and Glatzel 2005). Possibly the sitized by four mistletoes species
host families Rosaceae， Lauraceae and Helixantherα ligustrina，S currula elata，S .
，
Fagaceae are the most prefe町edfor mistle- pαωlrα仏島siticα，and S. pulverulenta，a nd Pyrus
toes specles. pashia by three mistletoes species
Total 38 host species were p紅asitizedby 凡1acrosolen cochinchinensis， Scurrula
Scurrula parasitica (Loranthaceae) and 25 pulverulenta and Viscumαlbum. Number of
species by Helixanthera ligustrina infested shoots per tree was higher in
(Loranthaceae) (Table 1). Scurrula had di- Zizyphus incurva， Populus deltoids and
verse host range. Wide host range of Callistemon citrinus. Analysis revealed that
Scurrula and Helixanthera shows that they the species Castanea satiαν， Populus
emore generalist and successfully infest as deltoids， Callistemon citrinus， Zizyphus
訂
many hosts as encountered，a p attem consis incurva and Pyrus pashia were the most
刷
tent with the Barlow (1991). The aggressive common hosts having the largest number of
nature of the genera Scurrula and mistletoes infestations. More attention
Helixanthera，i nfesting al arge number of should be paid to conserve these host species
hosts in the Godawari area，a re similar with for the enrichment of mistletoes diversity in
the results of Devkota (2003) in the Godawari-Phulchoki area.
Annapuma conservation area，N epal and The occuenceof Viscum loranthi as an
町
258 植物研究雑誌 第81巻 第5号 平成18年10月
Table 1. Host list of mistletoes species in Godawari -Phulchoki area，K athmandu Valley，N epal
Family Host species Hl Lo Mc Se 一:・M5i・・一g一de-m一S旬一e一nr一-a-ps--PA--一eS--p-.ロuほ一一co--一Va- Var Vl 恥一
Aceraceae Acer cissifolia K. Koch. * 1
Acer mono Maxim. * 1
Acer sp. * * * 3
Anacardiaceae Choerospondias axillaris (Roxb.) B. L. * 1
Burtt & A. W. Hill.
Apocynaceae Nerium indicum Miller * 1
Betulaceae Ulnus nepalensis D. Don * * * 3
Bignoniaceae Jacaranda mimosifolia D. Don * 1
Bombacaceae Bomb似 ceibaL. * 1
Caprifoliaceae 日bumumerubescens Wall. * 1
Sambucus hookeri Rehder * ネ 2
Celastraceae Euonymus hamiltonianus Wall. * 1
Coriariaceae Coriaria nepalensis Wall. * * 2
Elaeagnaceae Elaeagnus parvifolia Wall. ex Royle * 1
Ericaceae Rhododendron arboreum Smith * 1
Euphorbiaceae Mallotus philippinensis (Lam.) Mull. Arg. * 1
Fabaceae Bauhinia variegata L. * 1
Dalbergia sissoo Roxb. ex. DC. * 1
Fagaceae Castα，nea sativa Soul. * * * * * 5
Castanopsis indica Drake * * * * 4
Castanopsis hystrix Miq. * 1
Quercus glauca Thunb. * ネ * 3
Flacourtiaceae Xylosma controversum Clos * 1
Juglandaceae Carya illinoensis Koch * 1
Juglans regia var. kamaonia C. DC. * 1
Lamiaceae Colebrookea oppositifolia Sm. * 1
Lauraceae Cinnamomum camphora (L.) J. Presl. * * 2
Litsea monopeωla (Roxb.) Pers. * 1
Persea odoratissima (Nees) Kosterm * * * * 4
Loranthaceae Loranthus odoratus Wall. * 1
Macrosolen cochinchinensis (Lour.) Van * 1
Tiegh 1
Scurrula pulverulenta G. Don * 1
Lythraceae Woodfordia fruticosa (L.) Kurz * 1
Magnoliaceae Magnolia saulangeana Lennei * 1
勘1alvaceae Hibiscus mutabilis L. * 1
Meliaceae Melia azedarach L. * * 2
Toona ciliata島1.Roem. * * 2
Moraceae Ficus auriculata Lour. * 1
Morus alba L. * 1
お1yrsinaceae Maesa chisia D. Don * * * 3
Myrsine semiserrata Wall. キ * * 3
お1yrtaceae Callistemon citrinus (Curtis) Skeels * * * 3
Nyctaginaceae Bougainvillea glabra Choicy *
1
Oleaceae Ligustrum nepalense Wall. * *
Pinaceae Pinus roxburghii Sargent * 2
1
Rhamnaceae Rhamnus napalensis (Wall.) * 1
Zizyphus incurvαRoxb. * * 2
Rosaceae Prunus cerasoides D. Don * ネ * 3
Prunus domestica L. * * * *
4
Prunus napaulensis (Ser.) Steud. *
1
Prunus persica (L.) Batsch ネ 1
Pyrus communis L. * * * 3
Pyrus pashia Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don * * * 2ド 4
Rosa brunonii Lindl. *
1
Stranvaesia nussia (D. Don) Dence * 1
Rutaceae Citrus aurantium L. * * 2
Citrus m似 imα(Burm.)Herr. * 1
Citrus limon (L.) Burm. f. * 1
Citrus jambhiri Lush. * * 2
Zantho.砂lumanηatum DC. * 1
October 2006 Journal of Japanese Botany Vo .l81 No. 5 259
Table 1. Continued.
Mistletoe species
Family Host species
HI Lo Mc Sg Spa Spu Va Var VI ぬ一
Salicaceae Populus deltoids M紅白. * * * 4
Salix babylonica L. * * 2
Salix sp. * * * 3
Symplocaceae Symplocos paniculata (Thunb.) Miq. * * 2
Symplocos pyrifolia Wall. ex G. Don * 1
Taxodiaceae Metasequoia glyptostroboides Hu & W. C. * 1
Cheng
Theaceae Schima wallichii Choisy * * h司，，
Euηaa cuminata DC. * '
1
Ulmaceae Celtis australis L. * * h司，
Verbenaceae Duranta erecta L. * s
i
Total number of parasitized species 25 5 7 15 38 22 2 2 2
Hl: Helixantherlαligustrina，L o: Loranthus odoratus，M c: Macrosolen cochinchinensis，S e: Scurrula elata，S g:
Scurrula gracilifolia，S pa: Scurrula parasitica，S pu: Scurrula pulverulenta，V a広:V弓iiS‘仰E
αrバtiαculαat仰u，ηlm'Vl: Viscum loranthi，N o: Number of host species.
obligate epip asiteon Loranthus odoratus were better habitats for mistletoes establish-
訂
and Macrosolen cochinchinensis，is consis- ment as they were providing adequate space
tent to the observations of Pundir (1994)， for attachment and found with multiple in-
may be due to the reason as suggested by fections of different mistletoes species. The
Visser (1982) when two mistletoes fruit at host eesCallistemon citrinus，C astanea
位
the same time and birds will tend to wipe off sativa，P opulus deltoids，P yrus pashia and
seeds of one on branches of others. Zizyphus incurva were the most important
Observation of Scurrula parasitica as because of their capacity of supporting the
hyperpasiteon S. pulverulenta in study largest number of mistletoes infestations.
征
area is similar to the findings of Glatzel and
Balasubramanium (1987). The University Grant Commission，
Kathmandu，N epal is duly acknowledged for
Conclusion support to cηoutthe research.
ぽ
Total 10 mistletoes species; seven belong-
ing to five genera under Loranthaceae and References
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Viscaceae were recorded. The species parasi- L. and Taxillus Teigham (Loranthaceae). Blumea
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訂
October 2006 Journal of Japanese Botany Vol. 81 No. 5 261
M. P.デヴコッタヘ R.M. クンワール .ネパー
b
ル・ゴダワリープルチョキ地域のヤドリギ類
ネパール・ゴダワリープルチョキ地域において， S. pulverulentaに高次寄生すること， そして
ヤドリギ類各種の多様性，分布，宿主について調 Viscum loranthi 7)';; Loranthus odoratus と
べた.その結果， 38科57属に渡る69種の宿主に10 Macrosolen cochinchinensisに条件的体外寄生する
種のヤドリギ類が寄生していることが分かった. ことが観察された.
宿主の多くはパラ科，ミカン科，ブナ科であった. (aネパール・トリブバン大学
10種のヤドリギ類のうち 4種はヤドリギ科 アムリト・キャンノfス，
Scurrula属であった Scurrula parasiticaが ネパール・生物保全センター)
b
