Diversity and Biotechnology of Ectomycorrhizae

458 Pages·2011·4.5 MB·English

by  Francis Q. Brearley (auth.)

Soil Biology
Volume 25
Series Editor
Ajit Varma, Amity Institute of Microbial Technology,
Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida, UP, India
For furthervolumes:
http://www.springer.com/series/5138
.
Mahendra Rai Ajit Varma
l
Editors
Diversity and Biotechnology
of Ectomycorrhizae
Editors
MahendraRai,Ph.D. Prof.Dr.AjitVarma
ProfessorandHead DirectorGeneral
DepartmentofBiotechnology AmityInstituteofMicrobialTechnology
SGBAmravatiUniversity AmityUniversityUttarPradesh
Amravati444602,Maharashtra &ViceChairman
India AmityScience,Technology&Innovation
[email protected]; Foundation
[email protected] BlockA,AmityCampus,Sector125
Noida,UP201303
India
[email protected]
ISSN1613-3382
ISBN978-3-642-15195-8 e-ISBN978-3-642-15196-5
DOI10.1007/978-3-642-15196-5
SpringerHeidelbergDordrechtLondonNewYork
#Springer-VerlagBerlinHeidelberg2011
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–MahendraRai
.
Preface
Roots–thehiddenhalfoftheplants–areimportantorgansforabsorptionofwater
and nutrients from the soil. Roots release many carbon compounds as exudate.
These compounds provide support to develop a symbiotic relationship with soil-
borne fungi, often called as mycorrhiza. The fungal partner (mycobiont) provides
theplantwithimprovedaccesstowaterandnutrientsinthesoilduetoaprofusely
branchedhyphalnetworkthatspreadsfromtherootsurfaceandextendsfarintothe
soil.Theplant,inreturn,suppliescarbohydrateforfungalgrowthandsurvival.The
mycorrhizaeingeneralandectomycorrhizae(ECM)inparticulararemorebenefi-
cialtotheplantsgrowinginnutrient-poorsoil.Ectomycorrhizalplantsareresistant
tosoil-bornediseasesandoftentoleratedroughtstress.Infact,theECMisrespon-
sibleforthesuccessionofecosystems.
Thereisenormousdiversityofectomycorrhizalfungiinaforest.TheECMcan
beused asindicatorsofqualityandalsoforthe developmentofforestecosystem.
ECM could be applied for reforestation as they accelerate the plant growth by
supplying water and nutrients. Interestingly, without ECM, healthy woodland
communitycannotbemaintained.Moreover,someectomycorrhizalfungiproduce
ediblesporocarps(fruitingbodies),whichareeatenbythepeopleandthusimpor-
tantforthefoodindustry.
Forbetterperformanceoftheplants,itisnecessarytoinoculatethematseedling
stage by ECM to make their life safe. ECM plays a multifunctional role during
symbiosis with higher plants. These fungi have diverse roles as bioremediators,
bioprotectors, biofertilizers, and stress indicators. They are the true “mycoindica-
tors”oftheforestecosystem.Therearemanymetalchelatingmoleculesproduced
by ectomycorrhizal fungi, which have remarkable biotechnological significance.
Furthermore,ECMsecretesimportantsecondarymetabolites.
Molecular approaches are very important for the identification and differentia-
tion of the fungi forming symbiosis with higher plants. Molecular tools are also
importanttounderstandhowthegenesareexpressedduringsymbiosiswithhigher
plants. The ectomycorrhizal fungi can be transformed by using Agrobacterium
tumefaciens.
vii
viii Preface
The main goal of this book is to provide information to the readers regarding
diversityandapplicationsofectomycorrhizaeandtheuseofmodernbiotechnologi-
caltoolsinunderstandingandtransformingthem.
The volume is divided into three parts, viz. (1) diversity, morphology, and
applications, (2) biotechnological aspects of ectomycorrhizal fungi, and (3) func-
tions and interactions. The whole book has been made user-friendly and worth
reading.
Part I includes three chapters, out of which the first chapter explains how
ectomycorrhizal inoculation benefits the members of family diptercarpaceae. The
second chapter discusses the status of ectomycorrhizal fungi in South America,
whilethethirdchapterdealswithinoculaandthetechniquesofinoculationintothe
hostplants.
PartIIincorporatesthe molecularapproachesinthe systematicsofECM,gene
expression during symbiosis, Agrobacterium-mediated gene transfer, biotechno-
logicalprocess,andsignalinginECMsymbiosisandRNA-silencing.
In Part III, ectomycoremediation, functions of ECM when challenged with
heavymetals,scaleissuesconcerningtheroleofECMinfunctioningofecosystems
as indicators of stress in forests, effect of pesticides on ECM, their secondary
metabolites, carbon and nitrogen interactions, interaction of Cantharellus with
Dendrocalamus,andedibleectomycorrhizalfungihavebeenincluded.
This volume would be of utmost importance to students, researchers, and
teachers of botany, mycology, microbiology, forestry, and biotechnology. The
readersshouldfindthebookfullofinformationandreaderfriendly.
Inplanning thisvolume, invitationsfor contributionswere extended toleading
international authorities working with ectomycorrhizae. The editors would like to
express sincere appreciation to each contributor for his/her work and for their
patienceandattentiontodetailduringtheentireproductionprocess.Wesincerely
hopethattheseeminentcontributorswillencourageusinthefutureaswell,inthe
greatestinterestoftheacademia.
We are extremely grateful to the staff members of Springer Heidelberg, espe-
cially Hanna G. Hensler-Fritton, Editorial Director Life Sciences/Biomedicine
EuropeII,DieterCzeschlik(nowretired),andJuttaLindenbornfortheircontinued
interest, critical evaluation, constructive criticism, and support. We wish to
acknowledgethehelpandsupportgiventousbyourstudents,facultycolleagues,
andfamilymembersfortheirconstantencouragement.
Amravati,Maharashtra,India MahendraRai
Noida,UttarPradesh,India AjitVarma
Contents
PartI Diversity,MorphologyandApplications
1 TheImportanceofEctomycorrhizasfortheGrowth
ofDipterocarpsandtheEfficacyofEctomycorrhizal
InoculationSchemes ....................................................... 3
FrancisQ.Brearley
2 TheEctomycorrhizalSymbiosisinSouthAmerica:Morphology,
Colonization,andDiversity ............................................... 19
AlejandraG.BecerraandMarceloR.Zak
3 EctomycorrhizalInoculumandInoculationTechniques .............. 43
IvanRepa´cˇ
PartII BiotechnologicalAspectofECM
4 SystematicsandEcologyofTropicalEctomycorrhizalFungi
UsingMolecularApproaches ............................................. 67
Rivie`re-DobignyTaiana
5 TheMolecularEctomycorrhizalFungusEssenceinAssociation:
AReviewofDifferentiallyExpressedFungalGenesDuring
SymbiosisFormation ...................................................... 87
BartolomeuAcioli-Santos,HelderEl´ısioE.Vieira,Cla´udiaE.P.Lima,
andLeonorC.Maia
6 Agrobacteriumtumefaciens-MediatedTransformation
ofEctomycorrhizalFungi ............................................... 123
MinnaJ.Kemppainen,MariaC.AlvarezCrespo,andAlejandroG.Pardo
ix
x Contents
7 BiotechnologicalProcessesUsedinControlledEctomycorrhizal
Practices .................................................................. 143
ParDuponnoisRobin,Baˆ Amadou,MousainDaniel,GalianaAntoine,
BaudoinEze´kiel,DreyfusBernard,andPrinYves
8 SignalinginEctomycorrhizalSymbiosisEstablishment .............. 157
PaulBaptista,RuiManuelTavares,andTeresaLino-Neto
9 RNASilencinginEctomycorrhizalFungi .............................. 177
MinnaJ.KemppainenandAlejandroG.Pardo
PartIII FunctionsandInteractions
10 Ectomycoremediation:AnEco-FriendlyTechnique
fortheRemediationofPollutedSites ................................. 209
HeikeBu¨cking
11 MetalElementsandtheDiversityandFunction
ofEctomycorrhizalCommunities ..................................... 231
AlexanderUrban
12 AConceptualFrameworkforUp-ScalingEcologicalProcesses
andApplicationtoEctomycorrhizalFungi ........................... 255
VirgilIordache,ErikaKothe,AuroraNeagoe,andFeliciaGherghel
13 MycobioindicationofStressinForestEcosystems ................... 301
HojkaKraigherandSamarAlSayeghPetkovsˇek
14 EffectsofPesticidesontheGrowthofEctomycorrhizalFungi
andEctomycorrhizaFormation ....................................... 323
MiguelMarin
15 Metal-ChelatingAgentsfromEctomycorrhizalFungi
andTheirBiotechnologicalPotential .................................. 347
A´ngelaMachuca
16 EctomycorrhizaandSecondaryMetabolites ......................... 371
HannaDahmandPatrycjaGolin´ska
17 C:NInteractionsandtheCost:BenefitBalance
inEctomycorrhizae ..................................................... 387
AnaCorreˆaandMaria-Ame´liaMartins-Louc¸a˜o