Distinguishing the species - cimmyt

156 Pages·2009·7.49 MB·English

Common Diseases
of Small Grain Cereals
A Guide to Identification F.J. ZiUinsky
CENTRO INTERNACIONAL DE MEJORAMIENTO DE MAIZ Y TRIGO

INTERNATIONAL MAIZE AND WHEAT IMPROVEMENT CENTER

Londres 40, Apdo. Postal 6-641, 06600, M~xico, D.F., Mexico
Partial funding for this publication was pro­
vided on a special project basis by the United
Nations Development Programme (UNDP), Rocke­
feller Foundation (R F), and the Australian De­
velopment Assistance Bureau (ADAB).
Cover: Bacterial stripe, caused by Xanthomonas
translucens, on barley (photo: S. Fuentes)
Cover design: An ita AI bert
Acknowledgements

As with nearly all major publications, this book State stripe virus; Senora Haydee Barreiro de
is the result of the interest and efforts of many Villalpando, for her tireless efforts in preparing and
people. For their help I am indebted and greatly maintaining the records of disease observations and
appreciative; they are mentioned here in no par­ photographs.
ticular order. This book could not have been developed
I would first like to acknowledge the many without the financial support of the United Nations
helpful comments and the information provided by Development Programme (UNDP), the Rockefeller
the reviewers of this document. Thanks go to: Dr. Foundation (R F), and the Australian Development
R. J. Metzger, Oregon State University (USA), the Assistance Bureau (ADAB). Their continuing
major source of information on loose, covered and enthusiasm and support for this project is much
flag smuts, common and dwarf bunts, and other appreciated. In this regard, I would also like to
diseases of winter cereals; Dr. M. B. Moore, Profes­ acknowledge and thank Dr. Clive James, Deputy
sor Emeritus, University of Minnesota (USA), for Director General for Research, CIMMYT, for his
his constructive review and contribution of photo­ efforts in assuring adequate funding, as well as for
graphs; Dr. H. J. Dubin, CIMMYT, who provided a his ideas and assistance in the conceptualization of
great deal of general information on disease this document.
organisms, especially those prevalent in the Andean As a group, CIMMYT's Information Services
region of South America; Dr. P. A. Burnett, Unit, under the leadership of Mr. Christopher
CIMMYT, for his review of the section on viral and Dowswell, has been extremely helpful in the prepa­
mycoplasmal diseases and his assistance in obtaining ration of this book. Special thanks go to: Mr. Tiffin
photographs; Dr. M. V. Wiese, University of Idaho Harris, for his editorial and design support; Senor
(USA) and author of the Compendium of Wheat Fernando Rulfo, for the Spanish translation; Mari­
Diseases (APS, 1977), for his carefu I review of the cela A. de Ramos and Silvia Bistrain R., for their
draft manuscript and kind permission to freely patience and help in typesetting various drafts;
utilize the Compendium as a source of information; Anita Albert, special consultant to CIMMYT in
Dr. E. T. Torres, CIMMYT, for his review and publication design from Iowa State University, for
editing of the Spanish translation; Dr. Real-L. some last minute design suggestions that improved
Pelletier, McGill University (Canada), for his the book's utility and appearance; Miguel Mellado,
thorough review and for the translation and for his exceptional job of preparing the guidebook
editing of the French version of this document. for the printer. Thanks should also go to Mr.
Special thanks go to the following people: Armon Roschen of Viking Press, Inc., for his help
Dr. J. M. Walker, CIVIl (Kew, England), for infor­ in carrying this project to completion.
mation and references and for his willingness to Finally, a special note of appreciation to my
work with me in East Africa and Mexico in wife, Hilda, whose support and faith over the years
identifying the diseases afflicting wheat, triticale have enabled me to pursue my career wherever it
and barley; Lucie Gilchrist, Pathologist, Temuco, led me. It is to her that I dedicate this book.
Chile, for making available to me her research
information pertaining to fusarium diseases,
yellow leaf blotch (tan spot) of wheat, and Free Dr. Frank Zillinsky

Preface

Dr. Frank Zillinsky came to CIMMYT in photographs and disease observations for his own
December, 1967, from the Ottawa Agricultural edification. About nine months before Frank's
Research Station, where he was employed for some scheduled retirement from CIMMYT, Norman
17 years by the Canada Department of Agriculture Borlaug suggested that hundreds of agricultural
as a Cereal Crop Specialist. He was appointed as the researchers in developing countries and elsewhere
leader of CI MMYT's triticale improvement program, could benefit from the kind of book Frank had
and held that position until his retirement from sought but not found. He also suggested that
CIMIVIYT in July, 1982. Under Frank's guidance, Frank was the person best qualified to write such a
triticale germplasm underwent very rapid improve­ book. Hence, this guidebook was prepared, drawing
ment, from not much more than a biological heavily on Frank's own collection of photographs
curiosity to the threshold of widespread commercial and knowledge of small grain diseases, but with
cultivation. That alone is an accomplishment which significant input from friends and collegues the
would satisfy most agricultural researchers, yet world over.
Frank offered more. Plant diseases are probably the greatest con­
Though not formally trained as a cereal straint to increasing global small grains production
pathologist, Frank was often confronted with the in the 1980s and beyond. Accordingly, CIMMYT
need to identify diseases afflicting various small is placing a very high priority on breeding wheat,
grain cereals. Characteristically, Frank studied in triticale and barley for enhanced resistance to
his spare time to develop this necessary expertise. various diseases, and we encourage national pro­
To his disappointment, he found no publications grams in developing countries to do the same. In
designed specifically to help a person in his situa­ fact, the essence of CIIVIMYT's wheat improvement
tion: a plant breeder who needed to identify the strategy lies in multilocation testing and a heavy re­
diseases affecting his crops. liance on national program staff for performance
For many years, Frank worked closely with evaluations of germplasm. Moreover, many develop­
cereal pathologists from allover the world, study­ ing countries now have sophisticated plant breeding
ing, learning, and accumulating thousands of programs capable of making valuable contributions
to improving disease resistance.
Success in breeding for enhanced disease resis­
tance will be the result of a cooperative effort among
many national programs and CI MMYT, and will
require the free exchange of germplasm and per­
formance data. To develop useful breeding objec­
tives and effective crossing plans, accurate informa­
tion as to which diseases are affecting which cul­
tivars is needed, as well as data on the severity of
affliction. This guidebook addresses the problem of
accurate disease identification. We strongly believe
it is a necessary addition to the literature and that
it will prove useful to thousands of agricultural
researchers allover the world. It is a significant
ach ievement, a fitting capstone to Fran k 's distin­
guished career, and perhaps the most important
publication to be recently forthcoming from the
CINlMYT Wheat Improvement Program.
Dr. Frank Zillinsky Byrd C. Curtis
Director, CIMMYT Wheat
Facing page: Triticale seed (wheat x rye) Improvement Program
Contents

Introduction
1 Objectives and scope of this guidebook
2 Field and laboratory techniques and equipment
2 Collecting and preserving samples
6 Preparing samples for the laboratory
8 Disease groups and their general symptoms
11 The rusts
13 Stem rust (Puccinia graminis)
15 Leaf rust of wheat (P. recondita)
16 Leaf rust of barley (P. hordei)
17 Stripe rust (P. striiformis)
18 Crown rust of oats (P. coronata)
19 Hyperparasite of rust (Darluca filum)
21 Helminthosporium diseases
24 Spot blotch (Helminthosporium sativum - Perfect stage:
Cochliobolus sativus)
26 Yellow leaf blotch, or tan spot (H. tritici-repentis - Perfect stage:
Pyrenophora tritici-repentis)
28 Leaf blotch of oats (H. avenae - Perfect stage: Pyrenophora avenae)
29 Net blotch (H. teres - Perfect stage: Pyrenophora teres)
30 Barley stripe (H. gramineum - Perfect stage: Pyrenophora graminea)
32 Zonate eyespot (H. giganteum, or Drechslera gigantea)
34 Cereal leaf blotch and foot root (H. spiciferum - Perfect stage:
Cochliobolus spicifer)
35 Septoria complex and septoria-like diseases
39 Speckled leaf blotch (Septoria tritici ­ Perfect stage:
Mycosphaerella graminicola)
41 Glume blotch (S. nodorum - Perfect stage: Phaeosphaeria nodorum)
43 Septoria leaf blotch of oats, wheat and triticale (s. avenae -
Perfect stage: Phaeosphaeria avenaria)
45 Septoria leaf blotch of barley (S. passerinii)
46 Ascochyta leaf spot (Ascochyta graminicola)
47 Phaeoseptoria leaf blotch (Phaeoseptoria vermiformis)
49 Smuts and bunts
51 Loose and covered smuts (Vstilago species)
51 Loose smut of barley and wheat [V. nuda (V. tritici)]
53 Black loose smut of barley and oats [V. nigra (V. avenae)]
54 Covered smut of barley and oats [V. hordei (u. kolleri)]
55 Common and dwarf bunts, or stinking smut (Til/etia species)
57 Karnal bunt (Til/etia indica, formerly Neovossia indica)
58 Flag smut (Vrocystis agropyri)
59 Fusarium diseases
63 Scab and root rot (Fusarium species)
63 Fusarium graminearum - Perfect stage: Gibberella zeae
64 Fusarium culmorum
65 Fusarium avenaceum - Perfect stage: Gibberella avenacea
66 Fusarium equiseti ­ Perfect stage: Gibberella intricans
67 Fusarium leaf blotch and snow mold (F. nivale - Perfect stage:
Calonectria nivalis)
71 Miscellaneous root and crown diseases
74 Cephalosporium stripe (Cephalosporium gramineum)
75 Take-all (Ophiobolus graminis - renamed: Gaeumannomyces graminis)
77 Eyespot (Pseudocercosporella herpotrichoides)
78 Sclerotium wilt, or southern blight (Sclerotium rolfsii)
80 Anthracnose (Colletotrichum graminicola)
81 Downy mildew (Sclerophthora macrospora)
83 Miscellaneous leaf and head diseases
85 Powdery mildew (Erysiphe graminis)
87 Scald (Rhynchosporium secalis)
88 Cercospora spot (Cercospora apii)
89 Ergot (Claviceps purpurea)
91 Saprophytic and weakly pathogenic fungi

91 Alternaria species

93 Stemphylium botryosum

94 Cladosporium species

95 Pleospora species

96 Torula species

96 Phoma species

98 Epicoccum nigrum

99 Cercosporidium graminis

101 Bacterial diseases

102 Bacterial stripe and black chaff (Xanthomonas transluscens)

104 Basal glume rot (Pseudomonas atrofaciens)

105 Halo blight of oats (P. coronafaciens)

106 Bacterial spike blight (Corynebacterium tritici)

107 Bacterial leaf blight (P. syringae)

109 Viral and mycoplasmal diseases
110 Aphid-transmitted
110 Barley yellow dwarf (BYD)
111 Free state strea k
112 Others
113 Leafhopper-transmitted
113 American wheat striate
113 Chloris striate mosaic virus (Australian wheat striate mosaic)
113 Russian wheat mosaic
114 Enanismo de Narino
114 Aster yell ows
116 Planthopper-transmitted
116 Hoja blanca of rice
116 African cereal streak
117 Eu ropean wheat striate mosaic
117 Others