Table Of ContentDisruptive Behavior
Disorders in Childhood
Disruptive Behavior
Disorders in Childhood
Edited by
DONALD K. ROUTH
University of Miami
Coral Gables, Florida
Springer Science+Business Media, LLC
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publteat ion Data
Disruptive behavior disorders in childhood / edited by Donald K.
Routh.
p. cm.
Papers prepared in honor of Herbert C. Quay upon the occasion of
his retirement.
Includes bibliographical references and Index.
1. Behavior disorders in children. I. Routh, Donald K.
[DNLM: 1. Quay. Herbert C. (Herbert Callister), 1927¬
2. Child Behavior Disorders. WS 350.6 D613 1994 ]
RJ506.B44D57 1994
618.92'858--dc20
DNLM/DLC
for Library of Congress 94-16761
CIP
ISBN 978-1-4899-1503-0 ISBN 978-1-4899-1501-6 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-1-4899-1501-6
© Springer Science+Business Media New York 1994
Originally published by Plenum Press, New York in 1994
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1994
All rights reserved
No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any
form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording, or
otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher
Herbert C. Quay
Contributors
RUSSELL A. BARKLEY· Departments of Psychiatry and Neurology, Uni
versity of Massachusetts Medical Center, Worcester, Massachusetts
01655
DON C. FOWLES • Department of Psychology, University of Iowa, Iowa
City, Iowa 15213
ANN M. FURUSETH· Department of Psychology, University of Iowa,
Iowa City, Iowa 15213
EDWARD D. HAIGLER· Department of Psychology, University of Ken
tucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506
SUSAN D. HAMBURGER • National Institute of Mental Health, Child Psy
chiatry Branch, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
CYNTHIA M. HARTUNG • Department of Psychology, University of Ken
tucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506
LEAH A. HEROD· Department of Psychology, Auburn University, Au
burn, Alabama 36849-5214
MARKUS J. P. KimEsI· Institute for Juvenile Research, Department of
Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, illinois 60612
BENJAMIN B. LAHEY· Department of Psychiatry, University of Chicago,
Chicago, illinois 60637-1470
HENRIETTA L. LEONARD • National Institute of Mental Health, Child Psy
chiatry Branch, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
vii
viii CONTRIBUTORS
ROLF LOEBER· Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, University of
Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213
JAMES C. S. Lm· University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey,
Piscataway, New Jersey 40506
CATHERINE A. MARTIN • Department of Psychiatry, University of Ken
tucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506
RICHARD MILICH • Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky,
Lexington, Kentucky 40506
SUSAN N. NADI • National Institute of Neurological and Communicative
Disorders and Stroke, Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Bethesda,
Maryland 20892
JUDITH L. RAPOPORT • National Institute of Mental Health, Child Psychi
atry Branch, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
DONALD K. ROUTH· Department of Psychology, University of Miami,
Coral Gables, Florida 33124
JOSEPH A. SERGEANT· Department of Clinical Psychology, University of
Amsterdam, 1018 WB Amsterdam, The Netherlands
STEVEN K. SHAPIRO • Department of Psychiatry, Auburn University, Au
burn, Alabama 36849-5214
SUSAN E. SWEDO • National Institute of Mental Health, Child Psychiatry
Branch, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
JAAP VAN DER MEERE • Laboratory of Experimental Psychology, Univer
sity of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
Preface
Disruptive Behavior Disorders in Childhood honors Herbert C. Quay upon
the occasion of his retirement. It consists of chapters written by his
colleagues in the fields of psychology and psychiatry, most of whom
are associated with the Society for Research in Child and Adolescent
Psychopathology (SRCAP), an organization Quay founded. The initial
chapter, written by the editor, provides a personal account of Herbert
Quay and provides some details concerning his research activities re
lated to the disruptive behavior disorders in childhood.
The other chapters are presentations of research and theory relating
to one or another of the disruptive behavior disorders, which include
oppositional defiant disorder (ODD), attention-deficit hyperactivity dis
order (ADHD), and conduct disorder (CD). The chapter authors demon
strate their awareness of Quay's own recent research and theory applying
Jeffrey Gray's hypotheses to child and adolescent psychopathology. Brief
ly, Quay has hypothesized that CD in children and adolescents and
antisocial personality disorder in adults have a biological basis in an
overactive Behavioral Activation System (BAS) involving excessive sensi
tivity to the effects of reward. Quay also has hypothesized that ADHD
has a biological basis in an underactive Behavioral Inhibition System (BIS)
involving decreased sensitivity to the effects of punishment. The chapter
authors were also aware of Quay's strong commitment to empirical re
search in child and adolescent psychopathology. Thus, they were encour
aged by the editor to pursue their own theoretical inclinations and to
present the results of their own investigations, whether these were con
sonant with Quay's hypotheses or not. Indeed, the authors have followed
these instructions to let the chips fall where they may. The result is a wide
ranging collection of essays that in part support Quay's hypotheses but
also present a number of theoretical and research findings attempting to
go beyond Quay's work. Knowing Herbert Quay as we do, we do not
believe that he would want the book to be otherwise.
ix
x PREFACE
The first substantive chapter, by Russell A. Barkley, presents a new
theory concerning ADHD that takes off from the work of Jacob Bro
nowski rather than that of Jeffrey Gray. Barkley hypothesizes that the
fundamental deficit in ADHD is an inability to delay responding. Later
in development, this deficit is considered to result in difficulty separat
ing affect from the information accompanying it. Subsequent effects
include a lack of foresight or hindsight, poor internalization of language,
and poor analysis and synthesis. Barkley reviews a very large literature
in relation to this conceptual framework and concludes that it may be a
more promising approach than either his own previous theoretical for
mulations or those of Quay.
The next chapter, by Joseph Sergeant and Jaap van der Meere,
presents an information-processing approach to research concerning
ADHD. Much of Sergeant and van der Meere's recent research has
studied ADHD children's performance in vigilance situations such as
the continuous performance task. The authors have used this task as a
theory-driven set of experimental procedures to investigate the child's
underlying cognitive processes rather than as a fixed psychometric test.
They argue for the superiority of this approach as compared to more
superficial ones involving only the observation of behavior such as the
direction of the child's gaze or a judgment of whether the child is "on
task." Sergeant and van der Meere conclude that the principal deficit in
ADHD may involve motor response processes rather than attention as
such.
Shapiro and Herod, in the next chapter, also report research related
to ADHD. They attempt to link it to central auditory-processing and
academic-achievement problems. Although the outcome of this study in
terms of auditory-processing deficits is not unequivocal, this type of
approach is important because of the well-documented association of
ADHD with academic deficits.
Richard Milich and his colleagues, in the following chapter, focus
on the "impulsivity" component of disruptive behavior disorders, which
was the subject of an important literature review they carried out a
decade ago. In addition, they report research findings testing some of
Quay's hypotheses with both a "go, no-go" task and the Newman card
playing task frequently used in Quay's previous research. Milich's study
included children with both ADHD and CD. The research produced
many significant findings, including some that had been predicted by
Quay's theory and others that had not. It is clear that considerably more
research will be needed before performance on even these particular
experimental tasks is thoroughly understood in relation to the BAS and
the BIS.
PREFACE xi
Lahey and Loeber, in the next chapter, present a developmental
model that attempts to describe how ODD in young children can lead to
"intermediate" and "advanced" CD (and finally to antisocial personality
disorder in adulthood). This model is discussed both in terms of the
relevant research literature and the research carried out by the authors
themselves-for example, the Pittsburgh Youth Study and the recent
DSM-IV field trials. The Lahey and Loeber chapter relates to Quay's
extensive involvement in developing assessment procedures such as the
Revised Behavior Problem Checklist and his well-known critical reviews
of the factor-analytic literature on child psychopathology.
Fowles and Furuseth, in the following chapter, discuss electroder
mal hyporeactivity in relation to antisocial behavior in children and
adults. Beginning with a discussion of the electrophysiology of the der
mal system, this methodologically and substantively sophisticated pre
sentation deals with what aspects of this system are or are not of psycho
logical interest. It also discusses how electrodermal responses are
related to psychopathology, including anxiety and panic disorder as well
as antisocial behavior. Then, Fowles and Furuseth review the electroder
mal literature related to Quay's hypotheses concerning the relation of
the BIS to disruptive behavior disorders.
The concluding chapter is highly biologically oriented, which is
entirely appropriate to Quay's hypotheses of a biological substrate to
child psychopathology. Kruesi and his colleagues report a study compar
ing children and adolescents with disruptive behavior disorders with
another sample suffering from obsessive-compulsive disorder. As hypo
thesized, those with disruptive behavior disorders had significantly less
guilt and higher levels of beta endorphins in their cerebrospinal fluid.
We hope that Herbert Quay, himself the founding editor of the
Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, the editor of numerous volumes of
reviews of research on child and adolescent psychopathology, and the
founder of SRCAP, where such presentations are made year after year,
will find these chapters to be a rich sample of the kind of scientific
activity he has spent his entire professional life encouraging. Other
readers should also find that this material will add to their knowledge of
the field and stimulate their wish to pursue these questions further.
DONALD K. ROUTH
