Table Of ContentDisinfection By-products in Drinking
Water
Disinfection
By-products in
Drinking Water
Detection and Treatment
Edited by
Majeti Narasimha Vara Prasad
Schoolof Life Sciences,
University of Hyderabad,
Hyderabad, India
Butterworth-HeinemannisanimprintofElsevier
TheBoulevard,LangfordLane,Kidlington,OxfordOX51GB,UnitedKingdom
50HampshireStreet,5thFloor,Cambridge,MA02139,UnitedStates
Copyright©2020ElsevierLtd.Allrightsreserved.
Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproducedortransmittedinanyformorbyanymeans,
electronicormechanical,includingphotocopying,recording,oranyinformationstorageand
retrievalsystem,withoutpermissioninwritingfromthepublisher.Detailsonhowtoseek
permission,furtherinformationaboutthePublisher’spermissionspoliciesandourarrangements
withorganizationssuchastheCopyrightClearanceCenterandtheCopyrightLicensingAgency,
canbefoundatourwebsite:www.elsevier.com/permissions.
Thisbookandtheindividualcontributionscontainedinitareprotectedundercopyrightbythe
Publisher(otherthanasmaybenotedherein).
Notices
Knowledgeandbestpracticeinthisfieldareconstantlychanging.Asnewresearchandexperience
broadenourunderstanding,changesinresearchmethods,professionalpractices,ormedical
treatmentmaybecomenecessary.
Practitionersandresearchersmustalwaysrelyontheirownexperienceandknowledgein
evaluatingandusinganyinformation,methods,compounds,orexperimentsdescribedherein.In
usingsuchinformationormethodstheyshouldbemindfuloftheirownsafetyandthesafetyof
others,includingpartiesforwhomtheyhaveaprofessionalresponsibility.
Tothefullestextentofthelaw,neitherthePublishernortheauthors,contributors,oreditors,
assumeanyliabilityforanyinjuryand/ordamagetopersonsorpropertyasamatterofproducts
liability,negligenceorotherwise,orfromanyuseoroperationofanymethods,products,
instructions,orideascontainedinthematerialherein.
BritishLibraryCataloguing-in-PublicationData
AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary
LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData
AcatalogrecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheLibraryofCongress
ISBN:978-0-08-102977-0
ForInformationonallButterworth-Heinemannpublications
visitourwebsiteathttps://www.elsevier.com/books-and-journals
Publisher:MatthewDeans
EditorialProjectManager:MarianaL.Kuhl
ProductionProjectManager:R.VijayBharath
CoverDesigner:MarkRogers
TypesetbyMPSLimited,Chennai,India
Contents
Listofcontributors xv
Abouttheeditor xix
Preface xxi
Acknowledgments xxv
1 Methods used for the removal of disinfection
by-products from water 1
AnnaKwarciak-Kozłowska
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Disinfectionby-productsprecursors 4
1.3 Occurrenceandtoxicologyofdisinfectionby-products 8
1.4 Pressure-drivenmembranetechniquesfordisinfection
by-productsremoval 11
References 17
2 Physico-chemical techniques for the removal of
disinfection by-products precursors from water 23
TanwiPriya,BrijeshK.MishraandMajetiNarasimhaVaraPrasad
2.1 Introduction 23
2.1.1 Factorsaffectingtherateoftrihalomethanesformation 24
2.1.2 Roleofchlorineintrihalomethanesformation 31
2.1.3 Trihalomethane-mediatedcancerriskassessmentacross
globe 33
2.2 Coagulation 35
2.2.1 Flocculation 37
2.3 Aluminum-basedcoagulants 39
2.4 Iron-basedcoagulants 40
2.5 Organicpolyelectrolytes 40
2.6 Inorganicpolymerflocculants 41
2.6.1 Enhancedcoagulation 41
2.7 Electrocoagulation 42
2.7.1 Mechanismofelectrocoagulationprocess 42
2.7.2 Parametersaffectingtheefficiencyofelectrocoagulation
process 43
2.7.3 Impactofelectrocoagulationprocessontheremovalof
aromaticfractionsofnaturalorganicmatterfromwater 45
v
vi Contents
2.8 Membranetechnology 45
2.8.1 Microfiltration 47
2.8.2 Ultrafiltration 47
2.8.3 Reverseosmosis 47
2.8.4 Nanofiltration 48
2.9 Adsorption 48
2.9.1 Carbon-basedadsorbents 48
2.9.2 Nanoadsorbents 48
2.9.3 Magneticnanoabsorbents 49
2.9.4 Ionexchangeresin/adsorbents 49
2.9.5 Metaloxideandhydroxide-basedabsorbents 49
2.9.6 Compositeandmodifiedadsorbents 50
2.10 Conclusion 50
References 50
Furtherreading 57
3 Degradation of trihalomethanes using
ultrasound-based nanocatalyst 59
BinotaThokchom
3.1 Introduction 59
3.2 Advancedoxidationprocessandultrasound 63
3.3 Trihalomethanesandultrasound 67
3.4 Ultrasound-basednanocatalystfortrihalomethanedegradation 71
3.4.1 Sonoluminescence 74
3.4.2 Cavitation 75
3.5 Conclusion 77
References 78
4 Occurrence of trihalomethanes in drinking water of
Indian states: a critical review 83
BinotaThokchom,KeishamRadhapyariandSnigdhaDutta
4.1 Introduction 83
4.2 Overviewoftrihalomethanes 84
4.2.1 Compoundsoftrihalomethanes 84
4.2.2 Formationoftrihalomethanes 84
4.2.3 Toxicityoftrihalomethanes 85
4.2.4 Treatmentoftrihalomethanes 85
4.3 OccurrenceoftrihalomethanesinIndia 86
4.3.1 SourcesanddetectionoftrihalomethanesinIndia 86
4.3.2 Studiesoftrihalomethaneformationpotentialinwater
supplies 86
4.4 Riskassessmentfromtrihalomethanesindrinkingwatersupplies 99
4.5 Conclusion 104
Abbreviations 104
References 105
Contents vii
5 Emerging disinfection by-products in water: novel
biofiltration techniques 109
NazimForidIslam,HemenSarmaandMajetiNarasimhaVaraPrasad
5.1 Introduction 109
5.2 Ecotoxicologicaleffectsofdisinfectionby-products:global
researchstudies 112
5.3 Formationandexposureofdisinfectionby-productsinwater
environment:anewthreatforendocrinedisruptingchemical
andantimicrobialresistance 116
5.4 Analyticalmethodsfordisinfectionby-productsinwater:
reviewandapproachtotoxicityevaluation 119
5.5 Removalofdisinfectionby-productprecursorsinwater:
chemical,physical,andbiologicaltreatment 121
5.5.1 Theprogressoftreatmenttechnology:riverbank
filtration,slowsandfilters,rapidsandfilters 124
5.5.2 Chemicaltechnology:ozonation,membranefiltration,
andnanofiltration 125
5.5.3 Biofiltertechnologyevidencingbiodegradationof
disinfectionby-products:currentstatus 126
5.6 Conclusion 129
Acknowledgment 130
References 130
Furtherreading 135
6 Research status in quo of disinfection by-products
formation from algal organic matter as precursors 137
XiaoyaLiuandYuHong
6.1 Introduction 137
6.2 Algaespeciesandalgalorganicmatter 138
6.2.1 Compositionofalgalorganicmatter 139
6.2.2 Analysismethodsofalgalorganicmatter 143
6.3 Algae/algalorganicmattersthatadverselyaffectwaterquality 146
6.3.1 Cyanotoxins 146
6.3.2 Odoroussubstances 148
6.3.3 Precursorsofdisinfectionby-productsformation 149
6.4 Typesandformationprocessofdisinfectionby-products
formedbyalgalorganicmatter 150
6.4.1 Carbon-containingdisinfectionby-products 150
6.4.2 Nitrogen-containingdisinfectionby-products 152
6.5 Methodsofremovingalgae/algalorganicmatter 154
6.5.1 Membranefiltrationtechnology 155
6.5.2 Enhancedcoagulationtechnology 155
6.5.3 Activatedcarbontreatmenttechnology 156
6.5.4 Othertechnologies 158
6.6 Conclusion 159
Acknowledgment 160
References 160
viii Contents
7 Disinfection by-products in food and beverages 169
EgwariL.O.,EffiokW.W.andUgbokoH.U.
7.1 Applicationofdisinfectioninagriculturalproduceprocessing
andimplications 171
7.2 Sourcesofdisinfectionby-productsinindustrialprocesses 173
7.2.1 Factorsinfluencingdisinfectantactivityanddisinfection
by-productsformation 174
7.2.2 Sourcesandfactorsinfluencingdisinfectionby-products
formationinbeveragesandotherfoods 176
7.3 Guidelinesforcontrolofdisinfectionby-productsinfoodand
beverages 178
7.4 Conclusion 178
References 179
Furtherreading 183
8 Disinfection by-product-induced diseases and human
health risk 185
EgwariL.O.,BensonN.U.andEffiokW.W.
8.1 Guidelinesfordisinfectionby-productsindrinkingwater 187
8.2 Overviewofhealthimplicationsofdisinfectionby-products
indrinkingwater 188
8.2.1 Exposureriskcharacterizationandevaluation 188
8.2.2 Noncancerhealthoutcomes 189
8.2.3 Epidemiologicalfactorsnecessaryfordecisionmaking 190
8.2.4 Challengesinpredictinghealthrisktodisinfectionby-
productsexposure 192
8.3 Healthriskswithtrihalomethanes 193
8.4 Healthriskswithhaloaceticacids 195
8.5 HealthriskswithMX,chlorite,andotherunregulated
disinfectionby-products 196
8.6 Conclusion 197
References 198
9 Disinfection by-products and their effect on aquatic
and agriculture ecosystem 205
ShailendraYadav,RitaDhodpakarandAtyaKapley
9.1 Briefintroduction 205
9.2 Microbialhazardsassociatedwithdrinkingwater:needfor
disinfection 206
9.3 Disinfection 208
9.4 Toxicityofdisinfectionby-productsonmicrobialdiversityof
terrestrialandaquaticecosystem 223
Abbreviations 227
References 227
Furtherreading 233
Contents ix
10 Disinfection by-products in swimming pools and
health-related issues 235
OlayemiOluseunAkinnola,AyodejiSamuelAjayi,
BimpeOmowunmiOgunleyeandIsiomaNneamakaEnueme
10.1 Introduction 235
10.2 Typesofdisinfectionby-products 236
10.3 Disinfectionby-productsinswimmingpools 236
10.4 Pathogensinswimmingpool 237
10.5 Factorsinfluencingtheformationofdisinfection
by-products 238
10.5.1 Healthissuesassociatedwithdisinfection
by-products 239
10.6 Asthma 241
10.7 Lunghyperpermeability 242
10.8 Cancer 243
10.9 Reproduction 243
10.9.1 Impactofdisinfectionby-productsonfertility 244
10.9.2 Fetalloss 244
10.9.3 Fetalgrowth 245
10.9.4 Gestationalduration 245
10.9.5 Congenitalmalformations 245
10.10 Genotoxicity 245
10.11 Controlofdisinfectionby-productsinswimmingpools 246
References 247
Furtherreading 252
11 Nanotechnology applications for removal of
disinfection by-products from water 253
RyanRienzie,L.R.SendanayakeandNadeeshM.Adassooriya
11.1 Introduction 253
11.1.1 Disinfectionby-products 253
11.1.2 Presentglobalstatus 254
11.1.3 Factorscontributingtotheformationofdisinfection
by-productsindrinkingwater 254
11.1.4 Healtheffectsofdisinfectionby-products 258
11.2 Minimizingdisinfectionby-productcontaminations 258
11.2.1 Abriefoverviewonminimizingstrategies 258
11.2.2 Nanotechnologiesfortheremovalofdisinfection
by-products 261
11.3 Conclusionsandfutureoutlook 268
References 269
Furtherreading 276
x Contents
12 Disinfection by-products in drinking water:
detection and treatment methods 279
S.Hariganesh,S.Vadivel,D.Maruthamaniand
S.Rangabhashiyam
12.1 Introduction 279
12.1.1 Disinfection 280
12.2 Hazardouseffectsofdisinfectionby-products 282
12.3 Identificationofdisinfectionby-products 283
12.3.1 Gaschromatographictechniques 284
12.3.2 Liquidchromatographictechniques 285
12.3.3 Otheridentificationmethods 288
12.4 Controlmethodsofdisinfectionby-products 289
12.4.1 Enhancedcoagulation 289
12.4.2 Activatedcarbon 291
12.4.3 Ultravioletrays 291
12.4.4 Ozone 292
12.4.5 Photo-Fenton 293
12.4.6 Photocatalyst 293
12.4.7 Filtration 294
12.4.8 Ionexchange 295
12.5 Conclusion 296
References 297
13 Global disinfection by-products regulatory
compliance framework overview, disinfection
by-products in drinking water: detection and
treatment 305
SandhyaRaoPoleneni
13.1 Introduction 305
13.2 Drinkingwatertreatmentanddisinfectionchemistry 306
13.2.1 Typicalwatertreatmentprocess 307
13.2.2 Disinfectionby-productformationchemistry 308
13.2.3 Regulateddisinfectionby-products 309
13.3 Globaldisinfectionby-productsregulatorystandards 311
13.3.1 Regulatorystandardversusenforcement 312
13.3.2 Regulatorystandardversusfeasibility 312
13.3.3 Regulatorystandardversusrelevancy 313
13.3.4 Globaldrinkingwaterregulationstimeline 313
13.3.5 Globaldisinfectionby-productsregulationstatistics 314
13.4 Disinfectionby-productsstandardsenforcementstrategies 314
References 328
Furtherreading 330
