Diseases of Sheep

647 Pages·2013·5.45 MB·English

Diseases of Sheep
Diseases of Sheep
Fourth Edition
Edited by
I.D. Aitken
OBE, BVMS, PhD, CBiol, FIBiol, DVM&S h.c.
(Edinburgh), FRAgS, MRCVS
Former Director, Moredun Research Institute, Edinburgh
© 2000 by Blackwell Science Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
© 2007 by Blackwell Publishing Diseases of sheep/edited by I. D. Aitken. – 4th ed.
Chapter 33 © 2007 Crown Copyright p. ; cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
Blackwell Publishing editorial offices: ISBN-13: 978-1-4051-3414-9 (hardback : alk.
Blackwell Publishing Ltd, 9600 Garsington Road, paper)
Oxford OX4 2DQ, UK ISBN-10: 1-4051-3414-3 (hardback : alk. paper)
Tel:(cid:2)44 (0)1865 776868 1. Sheep–Diseases. I. Aitken, I. D. (Ian D.)
Blackwell Publishing Professional, 2121 State [DNLM: 1. Sheep Diseases. SF 968 D611 2007]
Avenue, Ames, Iowa 50014-8300, USA
Tel:(cid:2)1 515 292 0140 SF968.D465 2007
Blackwell Publishing Asia Pty Ltd, 550 Swanston 636.3(cid:118)0896--dc22
Street, Carlton, Victoria 3053, Australia 2006034967
Tel:(cid:2)61 (0)3 8359 1011
The right of the Authors to be identified as the A catalogue record for this title is available from the
Authors of this Work has been asserted in British Library
accordance with the Copyright, Designs and
Patents Act 1988. Set in Times and Helvetica
by Gray Publishing, Tunbridge Wells, UK
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may Printed and bound in Singapore
be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or by Fabulous Printers Pte Ltd
transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic,
mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, The publisher’s policy is to use permanent paper
except as permittedby the UK Copyright, Designs from mills that operate a sustainable forestry policy,
and Patents Act 1988, without the prior permission and which hasbeen manufactured from pulp
of the publisher. processed using acid-free and elementary
chlorine-free practices. Furthermore, the
First published 1983 publisher ensures that the text paper and cover
Second edition 1991 board used have met acceptable environmental
Third edition 2000 accreditation standards.
Fourth edition 2007
For further information on Blackwell Publishing,
ISBN-13: 978-14051-3414-9 visit our website:
www.BlackwellVet.com
Contents
Contributors viii Part IV: Reproductive diseases
Foreword to the Fourth Edition xiii 11 Genital abnormalities, obstetrical
problems and birth injuries 75
Preface xiv
J.C. Hindson and A.C. Winter
12 Neonatal conditions 81
Part I: Introduction
D.C. Henderson
1 Sheep: a UK perspective on a world
resource 3 13 Ram infertility 87
D.A.R. Davies A. Greig
14 Prolapse and hernia 94
Part II: Welfare B.D. Hosie
2 Sheep welfare: standards and 15 Mastitis and contagious agalactia 99
practices 15 G.H. Watkins and J.E.T. Jones
A.C. Winter and J.L. Fitzpatrick
16 Chlamydial abortion 105
3 Welfare of fetal and newborn I.D. Aitken and D. Longbottom
lambs 22
17 Toxoplasmosis and neosporosis 112
D.J. Mellor
D. Buxton and S.M. Rodger
4 Sheep welfare: castration and tail
18 Border disease 119
docking 27
P.F. Nettleton and K. Willoughby
V. Molony and J.E. Kent
19 Other infectious causes of abortion 127
5 Sheep welfare: transport of sheep 32
R. Mearns
J.A. Earl
20 Brucella melitensisinfection 137
6 Slaughter of sheep 37
G. Castrucci
D.C. Henderson
21 Ulcerative balanitis and vulvitis 143
Part III: Reproductive physiology A. Greig
7 The reproductive cycle and its
manipulation 43
Part V: Diseases of the
D.C. Henderson and J.J. Robinson
alimentary system
8 Ewe management for reproduction 53
22 Diseases of the oral cavity 149
L.A. Stubbings
A.L. Ridler and D.M. West
9 Management and care of rams 61
23 Clostridial diseases 156
J. Vipond and A. Greig
C.J. Lewis
10 The perinatal period 65 24 Mycobacterial infections 168
D.J. Mellor and J.C. Hodgson J.M. Sharp
vi Contents
25 Other enteric conditions 174 41 Arthritis 288
R.C. Gumbrell G.H. Watkins
26 Cryptosporidiosis and coccidiosis 179
S.E. Wright and R.L. Coop Part IX: Diseases of the skin, wool
and eyes
27 Gastrointestinal helminthosis 185
F. Jackson and R.L. Coop 42 Orf 297
H.W. Reid and S.M. Rodger
28 Liver fluke 195
G.B.B. Mitchell 43 Sheep pox 302
R.P. Kitching
Part VI: Diseases of the
44 Caseous lymphadenitis 306
respiratory system
G.J. Baird
29 Acute respiratory virus infections 207
45 Staphylococcal skin infections 312
J.M. Sharp and P.F. Nettleton
P.E. McNeil
30 Contagious respiratory tumours 211
46 Bacterial and fungal infections of
J.M. Sharp and M. De las Heras
the skin and wool 315
31 Maedi-visna 217 J. Plant
G.C. Pritchard and I. McConnell
47 Sheep scab (Psoroptes ovis) 321
32 Pasteurellosis 224 P. Bates
W. Donachie
48 Other ectoparasitic conditions 326
33 Mycoplasma respiratory infections 231 P. Bates
R.D. Ayling and R.A.J. Nicholas
49 Photosensitization 338
34 Parasitic bronchitis and pneumonia 236 A. Flåøyen
F.E. Malone
50 Ocular diseases 342
B.D. Hosie
Part VII: Diseases of the nervous system
51 Tick-borne diseases 347
35 Scrapie 241
Z. Woldehiwet
M. Jeffrey and L. González
36 Louping-ill 250
Part X: Metabolic and mineral
H.W. Reid and F. Chianini
disorders
37 Listeriosis 255
52 Pregnancy toxaemia 359
P.R. Scott
N.D. Sargison
38 Other nervous diseases 259
53 Deficiency of mineral
P.R. Scott
macro-elements 363
Part VIII: Diseases of the feet and legs A.R. Sykes
39 Diseases of the feet 273 54 Micronutrient imbalance 377
J.R. Egerton N.F. Suttle and D.G. Jones
40 Foot-and-mouth disease 282 55 Diseases of the urinary system 395
A.I. Donaldson and R.F. Sellers N.D. Sargison and K.W. Angus
Contents vii
Part XI: Poisons 66 Australia 498
56 Plant poisoning in Britain and Ireland 405 J. Plant
K.W. Angus 67 New Zealand 504
57 Inorganic and organic poisons 424 A.L. Ridler and N.D. Sargison
W.J. McCaughey 68 North America 509
C. Wolf
Part XII: Tumours
69 South America: pampas areas 514
58 Tumours 443 L.A.O. Ribeiro
R.W. Else
70 South America: Andean highlands 519
R. Rosadio
Part XIII: Other important
71 South America: Patagonia 524
diseases
C.A. Robles
59 Sarcocystiosis 451
A. Uggla and D. Buxton Part XV: Technical section
72 Flock health programmes 537
60 Bluetongue 455
R.N. Spedding, J.C. Hindson and
B.I. Osburn
J.A. Earl
61 Rinderpest and peste des petits
73 Pharmacology and therapeutics 544
ruminants 460
S. Page and D. Hennessy
W.P. Taylor and T. Barrett
74 Anaesthesia and common surgical 573
62 Rift Valley fever 469
procedures
G.F. Bath
E.W. Scott
63 Akabane disease 473
75 Necropsy and sampling techniques 580
P.D. Kirkland
F. Howie
Part XIV: Regional problems
Part XVI: Appendices
64 Middle East and North Africa 483
Appendix A 601
M.M. Rweyemamu and J. Berrada
Appendix B 602
65 Southern Africa 493
G.F. Bath Index 605
Colour plate section appears between pages 178 and 179
Contributors
Present and former staff of Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park,
Midlothian EH26 0PZ, UK
I.D. AITKEN OBE BVMS, PhD, CBiol, FIBiol, DVM&S J.C. HODGSON BSc, PhD, MBA
hc (Edinburgh), FRAgS, MRCVS F. JACKSON BSc, PhD
K.W. ANGUS BVMS, DVM, FRCVS D.G. JONES BSc, PhD
D. BUXTON BVM&S, PhD, FRCPATH, FRCVS D. LONGBOTTOM BSc, PhD
F. CHIANINI DVM, PhD, MRCVS P.F. NETTLETON BVMS, MSc, PhD, MRCVS
R.L. COOP BSc, PhD H.W. REID MBE, BVM&S, PhD, DIPTVM, MRCVS
W. DONACHIE BSc, PhD, CBiol, FIBiol S.M. RODGER BVMS, PhD, MRCVS
J.L. FITZPATRICK BVMS, PhD, FIBiol, DIPECBHM, N.F. SUTTLE BSc, PhD
ARAgS, MRCVS K. WILLOUGHBY BVMS, PhD, MRCVS
D.C. HENDERSON NCA, BVM&S, FRAgS, MRCVS S.E. WRIGHT BSc
Invited contributors
R.D. AYLING PhD G. CASTRUCCI DVM
Mycoplasma Group, Veterinary Laboratories Agency Former Director, Institute of Infectious Diseases,
(Weybridge), Woodham Lane, New Haw, Schoolof Veterinary Medicine, University of
Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB Perugia, Via S. Costanzo, 4, 06126 Perugia, Italy
G.J. BAIRD BVM&S, BSc, CertSHP, MRCVS D.A.R. DAVIES BScMA
Honorary Senior Fellow, Animal Husbandry Division,
SAC Veterinary Services Division, Greycrook,
Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of
St Boswells, Melrose TD6 0EQ
Liverpool, Leahurst, Neston, South Wirral
T. BARRETT BSc, PhD CH64 7TE
Institute for Animal Health, Pirbright Laboratory, Ash
M. DE LAS HERAS DVM, PhD, Dipl.ECVP
Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NF
Departmento de Patologia Animal, Universidad de
Zaragoza, C/Miquel Servet 177, 50013 Zaragoza,
P. BATES PhD, MIBiol, CBiol, FRES
Spain
Head of Parasitology Section, Scientific Services Unit,
Veterinary Laboratories Agency (Weybridge), New A.I. DONALDSON OBE, MVB, MA, PhD, ScD,
Haw, Surrey KT15 3NB DVM&S hc(Edinburgh), HonFRCVS
Former Head, Pirbright Laboratory, Institute for Animal
G.F. BATH BVSc Health, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NF
Faculty of Veterinary Science, Department of
ProductionAnimal Studies, University of Pretoria, J. EARL BVSc, CertSHP, CertWEL, MRCVS
Private Bag X04, Ondestepoort 0110, Republic of Banovallum Veterinary Group, Prospect Street,
South Africa Horncastle, Lincs LN9 5AY
J. BERRADA DVM, PhD J.R. EGERTON BVSc, DVSc, DipBact
Head, Departement de Microbiologie, Immunologie et Emeritus Professor, The University of Sydney, Faculty
Maladies Contagieuses, Institut Agronomique et of Veterinary Science, Camden, NSW 2570,
Veterinaire Hassan II, BP 6202, Rabat-Morocco Australia
Contributors ix
R.W. ELSE BVSc, PhD, FRCPath, Dipl.ECVP, MRCVS P.D. KIRKLAND BVSc, PhD
Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University Head, Virology Laboratory, Elizabeth Macarthur
of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Nr Agricultural Institute, Department of Agriculture,
Roslin, Midlothian EH25 9RG PMB 8, Camden, NSW 2570, Australia
A. FLÅØYEN DVM, MM, PhD R.P. KITCHING BVetMed, BSc, MSc, PhD, MRCVS
National Veterinary Institute, PO Box 8156 Dep., Director, National Centre for Foreign Animal
0033 Oslo, Norway Diseases, 1015 Arlington Street, Winnipeg,
Manitoba, R3E 3M4, Canada
A.L. GONZÁLEZ DVM, PhD, Dipl.ECVP, MRCVS
Veterinary Laboratories Agency – Lasswade, Pentlands C.J. LEWIS BVetMed, DipSHP, MRCVS
Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik, Midlothian Fields Farm, Green Lane, Audlem, Cheshire CW3 0ES
EH26 0PZ
W.J. MCCAUGHEY MVB, MA, MSc, PhD, FRAgS,
A. GREIG BVM&S, ARAgS, FRCVS MRCVS
Jacobscroft, Innerleith, Cupar, Fife KY15 7UP 19 Cagherty Road, Broughshane, Ballymena, Co.
Antrim BT42 4QA
R.C. GUMBRELL BVSc, DipMicrobiol, MRCVS
23 Whitwell Way, Coton, Cambridge CB3 2PW I. MCCONNELL BVMS, MA PhD, FRCPath, FRSE,
FMedSci, MRCVS
D. HENNESSY MSc(Hons), PhD Professor of Veterinary Science, Centre for Veterinary
Senior Research Scientist, Veterinary Health Research Science, Department of Veterinary Medicine,
Pty Ltd, PO Box 523, Epping, NSW 2121, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road,
Australia Cambridge CB3 0ES
J.C. HINDSON BVSc, FRCVS P.E. MCNEIL BVMS, PhD, Dipl.ECVP, ILTM, MRCVS
Woodhouse Farm, Hatherleigh, Okehampton, Devon 11 Baronald Drive, Kelvindale, Glasgow G12 0JB
EX20 3LL
F.E. MALONE MVB, MBA, FRCVS
B. D. HOSIE BVM&S, MSc, MRCVS Senior Veterinary Research Officer, Agri-Food and
Group Support Manager, SAC Veterinary Services, Biosciences Institute (AFBI), Veterinary Sciences
Allan Watt Building, Bush Estate, Penicuik, Division, 43 Beltany Road, Omagh, Co. Tyrone
Midlothian EH26 0QE BT78 5NF
F. HOWIE BVMS, MVM, FRCPath, MRCVS R. MEARNS BA, VetMB, CertSHP, MRCVS
SAC Veterinary Services Division, Allan Watt Building, Veterinary Laboratories Agency – Penrith, Merrythought,
Bush Estate, Penicuik, Midlothian EH26 0QE Calthwaite, Penrith, Cumbria CA11 9RR
M. JEFFREY BVMS, Dipl.ECVP, DVM, FRCPath, D.J. MELLOR BSc(Hons), PhD, HonASSOC. RCVS
Director, Animal Welfare Science and Bioethics
MRCVS
Veterinary Laboratories Agency – Lasswade, Pentlands Centre, IFNHH, College of Sciences, Massey
Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik, Midlothian University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
EH26 0PZ
G.B.B. MITCHELL BVMS, PhD, ILTM, DEVPC,
J.E.T. JONES PhD, FRCPath, FRCVS MRCVS
Emeritus Professor, Royal Veterinary College, 19 West Senior Veterinary Investigation Officer, SAC Veterinary
Park, London SE9 4RZ Services, Auchincruive, Ayr KA6 5AE
J.E. KENT BSc, MSc V. MOLONY BVSc, MSc, PhD, MRCVS
Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, Royal (Dick) School Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, Royal (Dick) School
of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh
Summerhall, Edinburgh EH9 1QH Summerhall, Edinburgh EH9 1QH
x Contributors
R.A.J. NICHOLAS PhD, MSc, MIBiol N.D. SARGISON BA, VetMB, DSHP, FRCVS
Mycoplasma Group, Veterinary Laboratories Agency Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, Large
(Weybridge), Woodham Lane, New Haw, Animal Practice, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre,
Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB Roslin, Midlothian EH25 9SG
B.I. OSBURNDVM, PhD E.W. SCOTT BVMS, PhD, DipECVPT, MRCVS
Dean, Veterinary Medicine Dean’s Office, Home Office, PO Box 6779, Dundee DD1 9WW
112 Surge IV, University of California, Davis,
CA 95616, USA P.R. SCOTT DVM&S, MPhil, DSHP, CertCHP, FRCVS,
MIBiol
S. PAGE BSc(Vet),BVSc, DVetClinStud, MVetClinStud, Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, R(D)SVS,
MAppSci(EnvTox), MACVSc University of Edinburgh, Large Animal Practice,
Director, Advanced Veterinary Therapeutics, PO Box Easter Bush, Roslin EH9 1QH
345, Berry, NSW 2535, Australia
R.F. SELLERS MA, BSc, PhD, ScD, CBiol, FIBiol,
J. PLANT BVSc, MACVSc, FAVA FRSE, MRCVS
Veterinary Specialist (Sheep Medicine), 6 Lisle Court, Former Director, Animal Virus Research Institute,
West Pennant Hills, NSW 2125, Australia Pirbright, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NF
G.C. PRITCHARD BSc, BVM&S, DVM&S, FRCVS J.M. SHARP, BVMS, PhD, DVM hc(Zaragoza), MRCVS
Veterinary Laboratories Agency, Rougham Hill, Bury
Head of Pathology, Veterinary Laboratories Agency,
St Edmunds, Suffolk IP33 2RX
Lasswade Laboratory, Pentlands Science Park,
Bush Loan, Penicuik, Midlothian EH26 0PZ
L.A.O. RIBEIRO MV, MVSc, PhD
Departamento de Medicina Animal – UFRGS,
R.N. SPEDDING BVetMed, MRCVS
Faculdade de Veterinaria, Av. Bento Goncalves,
Bishopton Veterinary Group, Ripon, North Yorkshire
9090, Porto Alegre/RS, CEP91540, Brazil
HG4 2QR
A.L. RIDLER BVSc, PhD, MRCVS, MACVSc L.A. STUBBINGS OBE, BScHons
Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Royal Veterinary
Saddletrees, 3 Fullers Close, Aldwincle, Kettering,
College, Hawkshead Lane, Hatfield, Herts
Northants NN14 3UU
AL9 7TA
A.R. SYKES BSc, PhD, DSc
J.J. ROBINSON BSc, PhD, FRSE Agriculture and Life Sciences Division, PO Box 84,
SAC, Ferguson Building, Craibstone Estate,
Lincoln University, Canterbury, New Zealand
Bucksburn, Aberdeen AB21 9YA
W.P. TAYLOR BSc, BVM&S, PhD, MRCVS
C.A. ROBLES MV, MSc 54 Greenacres Ring, Angmering, Littlehampton
Head Animal Health Unit, National Institute for
BN16 4BS
Agricultural Technology – INTA, PO Box 277
(8400) Bariloche, Argentina A. UGGLA DVM, PhD, DSc, DipEVPC
Professor, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences,
R. ROSADIO DVM, PhD PO Box 7084, SE-75007 Uppsala, Sweden
Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad
Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Av. J.E. VIPOND BSc, PhD, FRAgS
Circunvalacion Cuadra 28, San Borja, Lima, Senior Sheep Specialist, SAC, Bush Estate, Penicuik,
Peru Midlothian EH26 0PH
M.M. RWEYEMAMU BVSc, PhD, FRCVS G.H. WATKINS BVetMed, PhD, MRCVS
Former Head, Infectious Diseases-EMPRES Group, Veterinary Laboratories Agency, Johnstown, Job’s Well
FAO of the UN, Rome 00100, Italy Road, Carmarthen, Dyfed SA31 3EZ
Contributors xi
D.M. WEST BVSc, PhD, FACVS Z. WOLDEHIWET DVM, PhD, DipAgric, MRCVS
Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Veterinary Pathology, University of Liverpool, Faculty
Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, of Veterinary Science, Leahurst, South Wirral
New Zealand CH64 7TE
A.C. WINTER BVSc, PhD, DSHP, FRAgS, MRCVS C. WOLF DVM
Veterinary Clinical Science, University of Liverpool, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of
Faculty of Veterinary Science, Leahurst, South Minnesota, 1365 Gortner Avenue, Saint Paul,
Wirral CH4 7TE MN 55108, USA