Table Of ContentDiscrete Wavelet Transforms
A Compendium of New Approaches
and Recent Applications
Edited by Awad Kh. Al - Asmari
DISCRETE WAVELET
TRANSFORMS - A
COMPENDIUM OF NEW
APPROACHES AND
RECENT APPLICATIONS
Edited by Awad Kh. Al - Asmari
Discrete Wavelet Transforms - A Compendium of New Approaches and Recent Applications
http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/3424
Edited by Awad Kh. Al - Asmari
Contributors
Masahiro Iwahashi, Hitoshi Kiya, Chih-Hsien Hsia, Jen-Shiun Chiang, Nader Namazi, Tilendra Shishir Shishir Sinha,
Rajkumar Patra, Rohit Raja, Devanshu Chakravarty, Irene Lena Hudson, In Kang, Andrew Rudge, J. Geoffrey Chase,
Gholamreza Anbarjafari, Hasan Demirel, Sara Izadpenahi, Cagri Ozcinar, Dr. Awad Kh. Al-Asmari, Farhaan Al-Enizi,
Fayez El-Sousy
Published by InTech
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First published February, 2013
Printed in Croatia
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Discrete Wavelet Transforms - A Compendium of New Approaches and Recent Applications, Edited by
Awad Kh. Al - Asmari
p. cm.
ISBN 978-953-51-0940-2
Contents
Preface VII
Section 1 Traditional Applications of DWT 1
Chapter 1 Non Separable Two Dimensional Discrete Wavelet Transform
for Image Signals 3
Masahiro Iwahashi and Hitoshi Kiya
Chapter 2 A Pyramid-Based Watermarking Technique for Digital Images
Copyright Protection Using Discrete Wavelet Transforms
Techniques 27
Awad Kh. Al-Asmari and Farhan A. Al-Enizi
Chapter 3 DWT Based Resolution Enhancement of Video Sequences 45
Sara Izadpanahi, Cagri Ozcinar, Gholamreza Anbarjafari and Hasan
Demirel
Section 2 Recent Applications of DWT 61
Chapter 4 An Adaptive Resolution Method Using Discrete Wavelet
Transform for Humanoid Robot Vision System 63
Chih-Hsien Hsia, Wei-Hsuan Chang and Jen-Shiun Chiang
Chapter 5 Modelling and Simulation for the Recognition of Physiological
and Behavioural Traits Through Human Gait and
Face Images 95
Tilendra Shishir Sinha, Devanshu Chakravarty, Rajkumar Patra and
Rohit Raja
Chapter 6 Density Estimation and Wavelet Thresholding via Bayesian
Methods: A Wavelet Probability Band and Related Metrics
Approach to Assess Agitation and Sedation in ICU Patients 127
In Kang, Irene Hudson, Andrew Rudge and J. Geoffrey Chase
VI Contents
Chapter 7 Wavelet–Neural–Network Control for Maximization of Energy
Capture in Grid Connected Variable Speed Wind Driven Self-
Excited Induction Generator System 163
Fayez F. M. El-Sousy and Awad Kh. Al-Asmari
Chapter 8 Demodulation of FM Data in Free-Space Optical
Communication Systems Using Discrete Wavelet
Transformation 207
Nader Namazi, Ray Burris, G. Charmaine Gilbreath, Michele Suite
and Kenneth Grant
Preface
Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT) is a wavelet transform that is widely used in numerical
and functional analysis. Its key advantage over more traditional transforms, such as the
Fourier transform, lies in its ability to offer temporal resolution, i.e. it captures both
frequency and location (or time) information. DWTs enable a multi-resolution and analysis
of a signal in frequency and time domains at different resolutions making it an effective tool
for digital signal processing. Its utility in a wide array of areas such as data compression,
image processing and digital communication has been effectively demonstrated. Since the
first DWT, the Haar wavelet, was invented by Alfred Haar, DWTs have gained widespread
applications mainly in the areas of signal processing, watermarking, data compression and
digital communication.
Recently, however, numerous variants of the DWT have been suggested, each with varying
modifications suited for specific state-of-the-art applications. This book presents a succinct
compendium of some of the more recent variants of DWTs and their use to come up with
solutions to an array of problems transcending the traditional application areas of image/
video processing and security to the areas of medicine, artificial intelligence, power systems
and telecommunications.
To effectively convey these recent advances in DWTs, the book is divided into two sections.
Section 1 of the book, comprising of three chapters, focuses on applications of variants of the
DWT in the traditional field of image and video processing, copyright protection and
watermarking.
Chapter 1 presents a so-called non-separable 2D lifting variant of the DWT. With its reduced
number of lifting steps for lower latency, the proposed technique offers faster processing of
standard JPEG 2000 images.
In chapter 2, the focus turns to the use of DWTs for copyright protection of digital images.
Therein, a pyramid-wavelet DWT is proposed in order to enhance the perceptual invisibility
of copyright data and increase the robustness of the published (copyrighted) data.
The last chapter of this section, chapter 3, discusses a new video resolution enhancement
technique. An illumination compensation procedure was applied to the video frames, whilst
simultaneously decomposing each frame into its frequency domains using DWT and then
interpolating the higher frequency sub-bands.
Section 2 of the book comprises of five chapters that are focused on applications of DWT
outside the traditional image/video processing domains. Where required, variations of the
standard DWT were proposed in order to solve specific problems that the application is
targeted at. The first chapter in this section, Chapter 4, presents an adaptive resolution
VIII Preface
method using DWT for humanoid-robot vision systems. The functions of the humanoid
vision system include image capturing and image analysis. A suggested application for
proposed techniques is its use to describe and recognize image contents, which is necessary
for a robot’s visual system.
In Chapter 5, the DWT was used to solve some problems encountered in modelling and
simulation for recognition of physiological and behavioral traits through human gait and
facial image.
Chapter 6 focusses on a medical application for DWTs. Therein, a density estimation and
wavelet thresholding method is proposed to assess agitation and sedation in Intensive Care
Unit (ICU) patients. The chapter uses a so-called wavelet probability band (WPB) to model
and evaluate the nonparametric agitation-sedation regression curve of patients requiring
critical medical care.
In Chapter 7, an intelligent maximization control system with Improved Particle Swarm
Optimization (IPSO) using the Wavelet Neural Network (WNN) is presented. The proposed
system is used to control a self-Excited Induction generator (SEIG) driven by a variable
speed wind turbine feeding a grid connected to double-sided current regulated pulse width
modulated (CRPWM) AC/DC/AC power converters.
Finally, in Chapter 8, the application domain of the DWTs is shifted to the field of
telecommunications. Therein, DWT was used to suggest a demodulation of FM data in free-
space optical communication systems. Specifically, the DWTs were used to reduce the effect
of noise in the signals.
Together the two sections and their respective chapters provide the reader with an elegant
and thorough miscellany of literature that are all related by their use of DWTs.
The book is primarily targeted at postgraduate students, researchers and anyone interested
in the rudimentary background about DWTs and their present state-of-the-art applications
to solve numerous problems in varying fields of science and engineering.
The guest editor is grateful to the INTECH editorial team for extending the invitation and
subsequent support towards editing this book. Special thanks also to Dr. Abdullah M.
Iliyasu and Mr. Asif R. Khan for their contributions towards the success of the editorial
work. A total of 17 chapters were submitted from which only the eight highlighted earlier
were selected. This suggests the dedication and thoroughness invested by the distinguished
reviewers that were involved in various stages of the editorial process to ensure that the best
quality contributions are conveyed to the readers. Many thanks to all of them.
Chapter 7 is written by Manal K. Zaki and deals with fibre method modelling (FMM)
together with a displacement-based finite element analysis (FEA) used to analyse a three-
dimensional reinforced concrete (RC) beam-column. The analyses include a second-order
effect known as geometric nonlinearity in addition to the material nonlinearity. The finite
element formulation is based on an updated Lagrangian description. The formulation is
general and applies to any composite members with partial interaction or interlayer slip. An
example is considered to clarify the behaviour of composite members of rectangular sections
under biaxial bending. In this example, complete bond is considered. Different slenderness
ratios of the mentioned member are studied. Another example is considered to test the
importance of including the bond-slip phenomenon in the analysis and to verify the
deduced stiffness matrices and the proposed procedure for the problem solution.
Preface IX
I hope this book benefits graduate students, researchers and engineers working in resistance
design of engineering structures to earthquake loads, blast and fire. I thank the authors of
the chapters of this book for their cooperation and effort during the review process. Thanks
are also due to Ana Nikolic, Romana Vukelic, Ivona Lovric, Marina Jozipovic and Iva
Lipovic for their help during the processing and publishing of the book. I thank also of all
authors, for all I have learned from them on civil engineering, structural reliability analysis
and health assessment of structures.
Awad Kh. Al - Asmari
College of Engineering, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
Salman bin Abdulaziz University, Saudi Arabia
