Discovering Statistics using IBM SPSS Statistics

1471 Pages·2013·37.78 MB·English

by  Andy Field

DISCOVERING
STATISTICS USING
IBM SPSS STATISTICS
CATISFIED CUSTOMERS
DISCOVERING
STATISTICS USING
IBM SPSS STATISTICS
AND SEX AND DRUGS AND ROCK ‘N’ ROLL
4TH EDITION
ANDY FIELD
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© Andy Field 2013
First edition published 2000 Second edition published 2005 Third edition published 2009. Reprinted 2009,
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Library of Congress Control Number: 2012944559
British Library Cataloguing in Publication data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library

ISBN 978-1-4462-4917-8
ISBN 978-1-4462-4918-5 (pbk)
CONTENTS

Preface
How to use this book
Acknowledgements
Dedication
Symbols used in this book
Some maths revision
1 Why is my evil lecturer forcing me to learn statistics?
1.1. What will this chapter tell me? ①
1.2. What the hell am I doing here? I don’t belong here ①
1.2.1. The research process ①
1.3. Initial observation: finding something that needs explaining ①
1.4. Generating theories and testing them ①
1.5. Collect data to test your theory ①
1.5.1. Variables ①
1.5.2. Measurement error ①
1.5.3. Validity and reliability ①
1.5.4. Correlational research methods ①
1.5.5. Experimental research methods ①
1.5.6. Randomization ①
1.6. Analysing data ①
1.6.1. Frequency distributions ①
1.6.2. The centre of a distribution ①
1.6.3. The dispersion in a distribution ①
1.6.4. Using a frequency distribution to go beyond the data ①
1.6.5. Fitting statistical models to the data ①
1.7. Reporting data ①
1.7.1. Dissemination of research ①
1.7.2. Knowing how to report data ①
1.7.3. Some initial guiding principles ①
1.8. Brian’s attempt to woo Jane ①
1.9. What next? ①
1.10. Key terms that I’ve discovered
1.11. Smart Alex’s tasks
1.12. Further reading
2 Everything you never wanted to know about statistics
2.1. What will this chapter tell me? ①
2.2. Building statistical models ①
2.3. Populations and samples ①
2.4. Statistical models ①
2.4.1. The mean as a statistical model ①
2.4.2. Assessing the fit of a model: sums of squares and variance revisited ①
2.4.3. Estimating parameters ①
2.5. Going beyond the data ①
2.5.1. The standard error ①
2.5.2. Confidence intervals ②
2.6. Using statistical models to test research questions ①
2.6.1. Null hypothesis significance testing ①
2.6.2. Problems with NHST ②
2.7. Modern approaches to theory testing ②
2.7.1. Effect sizes ②
2.7.2. Meta-analysis ②
2.8. Reporting statistical models ②
2.9. Brian’s attempt to woo Jane ①
2.10. What next? ①
2.11. Key terms that I’ve discovered
2.12. Smart Alex’s tasks
2.13. Further reading
3 The IBM SPSS Statistics environment
3.1. What will this chapter tell me? ①
3.2. Versions of IBM SPSS Statistics ①
3.3. Windows versus MacOS ①
3.4. Getting started ①
3.5. The data editor ①
3.5.1. Entering data into the data editor ①
3.5.2. The variable view ①
3.5.3. Missing values ①
3.6. Importing data ①
3.7. The SPSS viewer ①
3.8. Exporting SPSS output ①
3.9. The syntax editor ③
3.10. Saving files ①
3.11. Retrieving a file ①
3.12. Brian’s attempt to woo Jane ①
3.13. What next? ①
3.14. Key terms that I’ve discovered
3.15. Smart Alex’s tasks
3.16. Further reading
4 Exploring data with graphs
4.1. What will this chapter tell me? ①
4.2. The art of presenting data ①
4.2.1. What makes a good graph? ①
4.2.2. Lies, damned lies, and … erm … graphs ①
4.3. The SPSS chart builder ①
4.4. Histograms ①
4.5. Boxplots (box–whisker diagrams) ①
4.6. Graphing means: bar charts and error bars ①
4.6.1. Simple bar charts for independent means ①
4.6.2. Clustered bar charts for independent means ①
4.6.3. Simple bar charts for related means ①
4.6.4. Clustered bar charts for related means ①
4.6.5. Clustered bar charts for ‘mixed’ designs ①
4.7. Line charts ①
4.8. Graphing relationships: the scatterplot ①
4.8.1. Simple scatterplot ①
4.8.2. Grouped scatterplot ①
4.8.3. Simple and grouped 3-D scatterplots ①
4.8.4. Matrix scatterplot ①
4.8.5. Simple dot plot or density plot ①
4.8.6. Drop-line graph ①
4.9. Editing graphs ①
4.10. Brian’s attempt to woo Jane ①
4.11. What next? ①
4.12. Key terms that I’ve discovered
4.13. Smart Alex’s tasks
4.14. Further reading
5 The beast of bias
5.1. What will this chapter tell me? ①
5.2. What is bias? ①
5.2.1. Assumptions ①
5.2.2. Outliers ①
5.2.3. Additivity and linearity ①
5.2.4. Normally distributed something or other ①
5.2.5. Homoscedasticity/homogeneity of variance ②
5.2.6. Independence ②
5.3 Spotting bias ②
5.3.1. Spotting outliers ②
5.3.2. Spotting normality ①
5.3.3. Spotting linearity and heteroscedasticity/heterogeneity of variance ②
5.4. Reducing bias ②
5.4.1. Trimming the data ②
5.4.2. Winsorizing ①
5.4.3. Robust methods ③
5.4.4. Transforming data ②
5.5. Brian’s attempt to woo Jane ①
5.6. What next? ①
5.7. Key terms that I’ve discovered
5.8. Smart Alex’s tasks
5.9. Further reading
6 Non-parametric models
6.1. What will this chapter tell me? ①
6.2. When to use non-parametric tests ①
6.3. General procedure of non-parametric tests in SPSS ①
6.4. Comparing two independent conditions: the Wilcoxon rank-sum test and
Mann–Whitney test ①
6.4.1. Theory ②
6.4.2. Inputting data and provisional analysis ①
6.4.3. The Mann–Whitney test using SPSS ①