Discourses of Collective Identity in Central and Southeast Europe (1775-1945): Texts and Commentaries: Volume 4, Radical Revisions of Collective Identity

454 Pages·2006·5.341 MB·English

by  Balazs Trencsenyi, Michal Kopedek

CYAN MAGENTA YELLOW BLACK
ABOUTTHEEDITORS (cid:6)e last volume of the series presents 46 texts under the heading of “anti-modernism”. In a dynamic Ifwecouldlookbackandseethewaywewere
relationshipwithmodernism,fromthe1880stothe1940s,andespeciallyduringtheinterwarperiod,the one hundred years ago, we would barely
DianaMishkovaisProfessorofModernand anti-modernistpoliticaldiscourseintheregionofferedcomplexideologicalconstructionsofnational
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andEasternEuropeanBiomedicineatOxford symbolichierarchiesthatfocusedonthenormativityofWesternEuropeanmodels,theystressedthecultural
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BrookesUniversity. andpoliticalautarchyoftheirownnationalcommunity,whichinsomecaseswasalsocoupledwiththe
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BalázsTrencsényiisAssociateProfessoratthe wingradicalism—infact,thedialoguewiththemodernisttraditionwaso(cid:3)enverysubtleandtheanthology nation.Wearenotyetawareoftheessenceand
History Department of Central European alsocontainstextswhichofferedacriticismof'modern'totalitarianisminananti-modernistkey. difficultyofthatquestion.Wearenowinthe
University,Budapest.
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anddiscoursesintheregionincomparativeandtransnationalperspective.(cid:6)iscollectionallowsustobegintoexplorethepotential
context,adangerousillusionhasbecomepre-
CONTENTS ofsuchaproject. (cid:6)eimaginativelychosenandcarefullyannotatedextractspromptthereadertoidentifyunexpectedpatternsand
interactions—bynomeanslimitedtoreactionstoWesternideasandmodels—whileintelligentintroductionstoeachseparate valentamongstus:itisasifthatpassagemeans
IntroductionbySorinAntohiandBalázsTren- volumenotonlysetthecontextbutraiseissuesandquestionsthatgowellbeyondthegeographicalboundariesofCentraland somekindofde(cid:4)nitiveentranceintoanational
SoutheasternEurope. (cid:6)eeditorsofthisserieshaveputallscholarsworkingontheregionintheirdebt;theyhavealsolaiddowna
csényi challengetofuturescholarshiptopursuethepossibilitiesopenedupbytheirlabors.” “safeharbor,”thatisentranceintoEuropean
WendyBracewell civilization.Butcivilizationcanbeevenmore
Texts by Nikola Pašić, Georg von Schönerer, UniversityCollegeLondon
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RomanDmowski,NicolaeIorga,AurelC.Popo-
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span.(cid:6)eeditorshavecoveredtherangeoftheregion'smanylanguages,madeinformedselections,preparedexcellenttranslations,
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cea Eliade, Ahmet Hamdi Tanpınar, Leopold comparableworkinanylanguage;andwiththeappearanceofthe(cid:4)nalvolumeintheseries,dedicatedtoanti-modernistdiscourses Volume Four: force.Ourpeoplehavesensedthatandtheyare
inthe(cid:4)rsthalfofthetwentiethcentury,itisworthstressinghowinvaluablearesourcethisisforteachersandresearchersalike.No
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universitylibrarywithambitionstomaketheregion'sculturalandintellectualhistoryavailabletoEnglish-speakingstudentsshould
kiewicz, Ivan Hadzhiyski, Ion Dragoumis, bewithoutit.” ol ad nt the snobbish and imitative type—like Japan,
JaroslavDurych,FranceVeber,AntonWildgans, UniveArsleitxyDofraAcme-sFterradnacmis lec ica i-m AAnnttii--mmooddeerrnniissmm–– whichisassumingatotallyforeigncivilization
LucianBlaga,VladimirDvorniković,Nikolaj tiv lR o bothfromaracialandspiritualpointofview,
VHeulgimoivroonvićH,NofamydanennsSthheayl,taGnyouv,laLáSszzelkófNű,éHmeeitnh-, “cth(cid:6)ornotiuesxgvthouolauulmta;nei,taaliynssvtehisteeisnentththiereeebsdeeusrtciseaeste,ndisseeaslicothefsathloleefntEegarimnstge:rtcnhoelElieruchrtoiiogpnheolteofveteshlsroeofnwstciaahlwoplarayirmsthhaierpycdrsueomtucrhacneodsf,smatchycetohimnatpnealdlnihgieeadnlfbt-tyerniungttahrgowedmhueecnntotproryofetmhssoeatryiensagadnoedrr eIde evisi derni RRaaddiiccaall RReevviissiioonnss brauctiwalitahnathmenseesnisse:tohfaatnictiehnatsballoreoaddkyinonshceipbaenend
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nic,ÖmerLüt(cid:4)Barkan,LadislavHanus,Janko modernity.(cid:6)eintroductionproposesaconceptof'anti-modernism'tocategorizephenomenainEasternEuropethatmaybe y o
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atavisticrootedness(conservativism)butinaparadoxicallyfuturalspirit(modernism).Asaresult,thereaderofwhatevercultural
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nuelVajtauer,SvetislavStefanović,EdvardKocbek RogerGriffin
OxfordBrookesUniversity
ALREADYPUBLISHED: Edited by Diana Mishkova, Marius Turda
Volume
and Balázs Trencsényi
Vol.I.Late-Enlightenment–Emergenceofthe Four
Modern'NationalIdea’
Vol.II.NationalRomanticism–(cid:6)eFormation
ofNationalMovements
Vol.III/1Modernism–(cid:6)eCreationofNation-
States
Vol.III/2Modernism–RepresentationsofNa- 9 789637 326622
ISBN978-963-7326-62-2
tionalCultures
DISCOURSES OF COLLECTIVE
IDENTITY IN CENTRAL
AND SOUTHEAST EUROPE
(1770–1945)

TEXTS AND COMMENTARIES

VOLUME IV

ANTI-MODERNISM
–
RADICAL REVISIONS OF COLLECTIVE IDENTITY
DISCOURSES OF COLLECTIVE
IDENTITY IN CENTRAL
AND SOUTHEAST EUROPE
(1770–1945)

VOLUME IV

EDITORIAL COMMITTEE

AHMET ERSOY, MACIEJ GÓRNY, VANGELIS KECHRIOTIS,
MICHAL KOPEČEK, BOYAN MANCHEV, DIANA MISHKOVA,
BALÁZS TRENCSÉNYI, MARIUS TURDA
ANTI-MODERNISM
–
RADICAL REVISIONS
OF COLLECTIVE IDENTITY

Edited by

Diana Mishkova, Marius Turda and
Balázs Trencsényi

CENTRAL EUROPEAN UNIVERSITY PRESS
Budapest  New York
©2014 by Ahmet Ersoy, Maciej Górny, Vangelis Kechriotis, Michal Kopeček,
Boyan Manchev, Diana Mishkova, Balázs Trencsényi, Marius Turda

Published in 2014 by

Central European University Press
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ISBN 978-963-7326-62-2
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Anti-modernism : radical revisions of collective identity / edited by Diana Mishkova, Marius
Turda and Balázs Trencsényi.
volumes ; cm. -- (Discourses of collective identity in Central and Southeast Europe
(1770-1945): texts and commentaries ; VOLUME IV)
Includes bibliographical references and index.
Contents: Introduction -- Approaching anti-modernism / Balázs Trencsényi and Sorin Antohi
-- Integral nationalism -- The crisis of the European conscience -- In search of a national on-
tology -- Conservative redefinitions of tradition and modernity -- The anti-modernist revolu-
tion -- Basic secondary literature on identity discourses in Central and Southeast Europe --
Glossary.
ISBN 978-9637326622 (hardbound)
1. Group identity--Europe, Central. 2. Group identity--Balkan Peninsula. 3. National charac-
teristics. I. Mishkova, Diana, 1958- editor of compilation. II. Turda, Marius, editor of compila-
tion. III. Trencsényi, Balázs, 1973- editor of compilation.

HM753.A58 2014
305.800943--dc23
2014007631

Printed in Hungary by
Generál Nyomda Kft., Szeged
Contributors

Sorin Antohi, Stevo Đurašković, Ildiko Erdei, Ahmet Ersoy, Maria Falina, Maciej
Górny, Rigels Halili, Vangelis Kechriotis, Michal Kopeček, Luka Lisjak Gabrijelčič
Pavol Lukáč, Boyan Manchev, Vladimir Petrović, Robert Pyrah, Funda Soysal
Marius Turda, Balázs Trencsényi

Consultants

Bojan Aleksov, Sorin Antohi, Guido Franzinetti, Miroslav Hroch, Maciej Janowski
Jeremy King, Pavel Kolář, Antonis Liakos, Elena Mannová, István Margócsy
Diana Mishkova, Robert Pynsent, Mateja Ratej, Dušan Škvarna

Translations by

Krištof Bodrič (from Serbian), Anna Bryson (from Czech)
Zornitsa Dimova-Hristova (from Bulgarian), Vedran Dronjić (from Serbian)
Ahmet Ersoy (from Turkish), Tudor Georgescu (from German)
Alexander Gode and Sue Ellen Wright (from German)
Katherine Hayes (from Czech), Rigels Halili (from Albanian)
Mary Kitroeff (from Greek), Mária Kovács (from Romanian)
Zuzanna Ładyga (from Polish), Luka Lisjak Gabrijelčič (from Slovenian)
Pavol Lukáč (from Slovak), Oskar Mulej (from Slovenian)
Dávid Oláh (from Hungarian), Derek Paton (from Czech)
Marija Petrović (from Serbian), Iva Polak (from Croatian)
Robert Pyrah (from German), Anna Rebmann (from Serbian)
Funda Soysal (from Turkish), Marius Turda (from Romanian)

Copy-editor

Garth Greenwell
Frank Schaer

Table of Contents

Acknowledgements .......................................................................................... ix

Introduction
Sorin Antohi and Balázs Trencsényi: Approaching Anti-modernism ................ 1

Chapter I.
Integral Nationalism

Nikola Pašić: The agreement of Serbs and Croats ........................................... 47
Georg von Schönerer: The Pan-Germans’ program for the future .................... 56
Roman Dmowski: Thoughts of a modern Pole .................................................. 61
Nicolae Iorga: On national culture .................................................................... 70
Aurel C. Popovici: At the crossroads of two worlds .......................................... 77
Vladimir Čerina: In the city of cynics ................................................................ 83
Babanzâde Ahmed Naim: The question of nationalism in Islam ...................... 93
Jozef Tiso: The ideology of the Slovak People’s Party ...................................... 100
Dezső Szabó: Tomorrow’s nationalism ............................................................. 108

Chapter II.
The Crisis of the European Conscience

Karl Kraus: The last days of mankind ................................................................ 117
Mircea Eliade: Spiritual itinerary ...................................................................... 127
Ahmet Hamdi Tanpınar: On East and West ...................................................... 134
Leopold Andrian: Austria through the prism of the Idea ................................... 142
Mihály Babits: Mass and nation ....................................................................... 148
Stanisław Ignacy Witkiewicz: Unkempt souls ................................................... 156
Ivan Hadzhiyski: An optimistic theory of our people ........................................ 165

Chapter III.
In Search of a National Ontology

Ion Dragoumis: Hellenic civilization ................................................................. 175
Jaroslav Durych: The mission of the Czech state ............................................... 182
viii
France Veber: The ideal foundations of Slavic agrarianism ............................. 191
Anton Wildgans: Speech about Austria ............................................................. 199
Lucian Blaga: The Mioritic space ...................................................................... 205
Vladimir Dvorniković: Epic man ...................................................................... 212
Nikolaj Velimirović: The Serbian nation as a servant of God .......................... 219
Nayden Sheytanov: Bulgarian worldview ......................................................... 226
László Németh: In minority ............................................................................... 233

Chapter IV.
Conservative Redefinitions of Tradition and Modernity

Hugo von Hofmannsthal: Writing as the spiritual space of the Nation ............. 245
Gyula Szekfű: Three generations ...................................................................... 251
Heinrich von Srbik: Austria in the Holy Roman Empire and in the German
Confederation ............................................................................................... 259
Živojin M. Perić: Religion in the Serbian Civil Code ........................................ 266
Milan Šufflay: The depths of national consciousness ........................................ 273
Karel Kramář: In defense of Slavic politics ...................................................... 282
Petar Mutafchiev: Towards the philosophy of Bulgarian history ...................... 292
Nichifor Crainic: The meaning of tradition ....................................................... 299
Ömer Lütfi Barkan: The legal status of the peasant class in the Ottoman
Empire ........................................................................................................... 306
Ladislav Hanus: Slovak statehood ..................................................................... 313
Manifesto of the Slovenian National Defense Corps ......................................... 323

Chapter V.
The Anti-modernist Revolution

Ideological declaration of the Great Poland Camp .......................................... 331
Janko Janev: The spirit of the nation ................................................................. 335
Hüseyin Nihal Atsız: Turkish unity ................................................................... 342
Ioannis Metaxas: Speech on the occasion of the inauguration of public works 348
Emil Cioran: The transfiguration of Romania ................................................... 356
Lazër Radi: Fascism and the Albanian Spirit .................................................... 363
Štefan Polakovič: Slovak National Socialism .................................................... 370
Emanuel Vajtauer: Czech myth .......................................................................... 379
Svetislav Stefanović: The building of New Serbia as a peasant state ............... 388
Edvard Kocbek: Comradeship ........................................................................... 396

Basic Secondary Literature on Identity Discourses in Central and
Southeast Europe ........................................................................................ 405

Glossary of Key Terms Used for the Construction of Collective
Identity ......................................................................................................... 421
Acknowledgements

During the years of intensive research and interaction, our group has in-
curred a number of important debts. First of all, we would like to thank
Diana Mishkova, who supported the project from the beginning and has
helped us far beyond the scope commonly expected from the director of a
hosting institution to bring these volumes to completion. In the process of our
common work, she also changed roles and generously agreed to become part
of the editorial team of the present volume. We are also grateful to the entire
staff of the Centre for Advanced Study Sofia, who facilitated our work im-
mensely during our numerous meetings and provided a pleasant working at-
mosphere in all regards.
No collaborative project of this sort is viable without substantial financial
help to allow the participants to meet regularly. We are grateful to the Prince
Bernhard Cultural Foundation (The Netherlands) for providing generous
funding that made it possible for the group to meet on six occasions over the
period of three years (2001–2003). When the first phase of the project was
finished, the Foundation also offered a further grant to prepare the texts for
publication. Without this generosity, it would have been impossible to share
our findings with the broader public. Our special thanks goes to Wouter
Hugenholtz, who took upon himself the role of introducing the project to the
Foundation.
A natural focus of any comparative research in the region, the Central
European University also gave us generous help in accomplishing our ven-
ture. Most of all, we would like to thank László Kontler, who has been with
us from the very beginning of the project and shared his insights with us on
many occasions. Sorin Antohi was also a source of inspiration for many of
us, and his conceptualization of ethnic ontologies is central to the framework
of interpretation of the present volume. We would also like to thank Halil
Berktay for his intellectual support and for hosting us for a workshop back in
2001 in Istanbul, where the project was first presented to a broader academic