Table Of Content

IHDP/Future Earth-Integrated Risk Governance Project Series Peijun Shi Disaster Risk Science Second Edition IHDP/Future Earth-Integrated Risk Governance Project Series Series editors Peijun Shi, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China Carlo Jaeger, Potsdam, Germany Thisbookseries,entitled“IHDP/FutureEarth—IntegratedRiskGovernanceProject Series” for the International Human Dimensions Programme on Global Environ- mental Change—Integrated Risk Governance Project (IHDP/Future Earth—IRG Project), is intended to present in monograph form the most recent scientific achievements in the identification, evaluation and management of emerging global large-scalerisks.FutureEarthisaflagshipinitiativeoftheScienceandTechnology AllianceforGlobalSustainability.Itaimstoprovidecriticalknowledgerequiredfor societies to understand and address challenges posed by global environmental change (GEC) and to seize opportunities for transitions to global sustainability. Future Earth identifies three research themes, i.e., Dynamic Planet, Global Development and Transition toward Sustainability in its plan and adopts a new approachof“Co-designingandco-producing”toincorporateGECresearcherswith stakeholders in governments, industry and business, international or intergovern- mental organizations, and civil society. Books published in this series are mainly collected research works on theories, methods, models and modeling, and case analyses conducted by scientists from various disciplines and practitioners from various sectors under the IHDP/Future Earth—IRG Project. It includes the IRG Project Science Plan, research on social-ecological system responses, “Entry and Exit Transition” mechanisms, models and modeling, early warning systems, understanding regional dynamics of vulnerability, as well as case comparison studies of large-scale disasters and paradigms for integrated risk governance around the world. This book series, therefore,willbeofinterestnotonlytoresearchers,educatorsandstudentsworking inthisfieldbutalsotopolicy-makersanddecision-makersingovernment,industry and civil society around the world. Theserieswillbecontributedbytheinternationalresearchteamsworkingonthe six scientific themes identified by the IHDP/Future Earth—IRG Project science plan, i.e., Social-Ecological Systems, Entry and Exit Transitions, Early Warning Systems, Models and Modeling, Comparative Case Studies, and Governance and Paradigms, and by six regional offices of the IRG Project around the world. More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/13536 Peijun Shi Disaster Risk Science Second Edition 123 Peijun Shi State Key Laboratoryof Earth Surface Processes andResourceEcology Beijing NormalUniversity Beijing,China ISSN 2363-4979 ISSN 2363-4987 (electronic) IHDP/Future Earth-Integrated Risk GovernanceProject Series ISBN978-981-13-6688-8 ISBN978-981-13-6689-5 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-6689-5 JointlypublishedwithBeijingNormalUniversityPress,Beijing,China,2019 TheprinteditionisnotforsaleinChinaMainland.CustomersfromChinaMainlandpleaseorderthe printbookfrom:BeijingNormalUniversityPress. ISBNoftheBeijingNormalUniversityPressedition:978-7-303-24074-6 LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2019932688 1st&2ndedition:©BeijingNormalUniversityPressandSpringerNatureSingaporePteLtd.2019 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsarereservedbythePublisher,whetherthewholeorpart of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission orinformationstorageandretrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware,orbysimilarordissimilar methodologynowknownorhereafterdeveloped. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publicationdoesnotimply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexemptfrom therelevantprotectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the material contained hereinorforanyerrorsoromissionsthatmayhavebeenmade.Thepublisherremainsneutralwithregard tojurisdictionalclaimsinpublishedmapsandinstitutionalaffiliations. ThisSpringerimprintispublishedbytheregisteredcompanySpringerNatureSingaporePteLtd. The registered company address is: 152 Beach Road, #21-01/04 Gateway East, Singapore 189721, Singapore Contents 1 Hazards, Disasters, and Risks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1.1 Hazards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1.1.1 Classification of Hazards by Causes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 1.1.2 Classification of Hazards by Occurrences . . . . . . . . . . 8 1.1.3 Intensity Classification of Hazards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 1.1.4 Regional Difference in Multiple Natural Hazards of China . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 1.2 Disasters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 1.2.1 Classification of Disasters. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 1.2.2 Classification of Disaster Scale. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 1.3 Risks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 1.3.1 Risk Classification System of Davos World Economic Forum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 1.3.2 Risk Classification of International Risk Governance Council. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 1.3.3 Classification Criteria for Risk Levels. . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 2 Regional Disaster System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 2.1 Disaster System Schools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 2.1.1 Hazard Theory. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 2.1.2 Disaster-Formative Environment Theory . . . . . . . . . . . 52 2.1.3 Exposure Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 2.1.4 Regional Disaster System Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 2.2 Regional Disaster System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 2.2.1 Structural System of Regional Disaster System . . . . . . 59 2.2.2 Function System of Regional Disaster System. . . . . . . 60 2.2.3 Essence of Regional Disaster System . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 v vi Contents 2.3 Complexity of Regional Disaster System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 2.3.1 Characteristic of Complexity of Disaster System . . . . . 64 2.3.2 Disaster System and Its Complexity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 2.3.3 Complexity and Consilience of Disaster System . . . . . 74 2.4 Complexity of Disaster System—Consilience Degree . . . . . . . . 78 2.4.1 From Node Degree to Consilience Degree. . . . . . . . . . 79 2.4.2 Network Model and Verification Based on Consilience Degree . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 3 Disaster Formation Process. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 3.1 The Formation Process of Natural Disasters. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 3.1.1 Disaster-Formative Environment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98 3.1.2 Hazards. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106 3.1.3 Exposure. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110 3.1.4 Disaster Issues. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113 3.1.5 Disaster Formation Process. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125 3.2 Environmental (Ecological) Disaster Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128 3.2.1 Disaster-Formative Environment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129 3.2.2 Hazards. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133 3.2.3 Exposure. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136 3.2.4 Disaster Issues. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137 3.2.5 Sandy Desertification and Wind-Sand Disaster-Formative Process. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138 3.2.6 The Mitigation of Sandy Desertification and Wind-Sand Disaster Since the Twenty-First Century. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145 3.2.7 Inspiration of Chinese Practice/Road. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149 3.3 Man-Made Disaster (Production Accident) Process. . . . . . . . . . 150 3.3.1 Disaster-Formative Environment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151 3.3.2 Hazard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154 3.3.3 Exposure. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155 3.3.4 Disaster Issues. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157 3.3.5 The Formation Process of Human-Made Disasters (Accidents) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163 4 Disaster Measurement, Statistics, and Assessment . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165 4.1 Disaster Measurement. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165 4.1.1 Disaster Investigation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166 4.1.2 Network Station Measurements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171 4.1.3 Remote Sensing Observations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172 4.1.4 Historical Research . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180 Contents vii 4.2 Disaster Statistics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185 4.2.1 Statistical Contents of General Disasters . . . . . . . . . . . 185 4.2.2 Statistical Content of Special Major Natural Disaster Losses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186 4.3 Disaster Assessment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189 4.3.1 Principles, Contents, Function Orientation of Disaster Assessment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190 4.3.2 Disaster Assessment Process. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191 4.3.3 Disaster Assessment Methods and Technology . . . . . . 194 4.3.4 Discussion on Social Impact Assessment of Disasters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223 5 Disaster Risk Assessment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225 5.1 Broad-Sense Disaster Risk Assessment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226 5.2 Narrow-Sense Disaster Risk Assessment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237 5.2.1 Narrow-Sense Disaster Risk Assessment Index System. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237 5.2.2 Vulnerability Assessment of Hazard-Affected Body . . . 238 5.2.3 Quantitative Assessment Case of Disaster Risk—Typhoon Disaster Risk Assessment in Yangtze River Delta. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 266 5.3 Integrated Disaster Risk Assessment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300 5.3.1 Progress in Integrated Disaster Risk Assessment . . . . . 300 5.3.2 Assessment Case of Multi-disasters Risk. . . . . . . . . . . 311 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325 6 Disaster Risk Map . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 329 6.1 Establishment of Disaster Risk Database . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 329 6.1.1 Classification of Disaster System Information . . . . . . . 330 6.1.2 Database of Natural Disaster System of China. . . . . . . 332 6.1.3 Database of Natural Disaster System in the Yangtze River Delta Region . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 338 6.1.4 Case Database of Natural Disaster . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 349 6.2 Compilation of Disaster Risk Map. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 355 6.2.1 Theory Base of Geoscience for Disaster Risk Cartography. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 355 6.2.2 Cartographic Symbol and Symbol Database Design of Disaster Risk. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 357 6.2.3 Generalization of Disaster Risk Map Based on Layer Constraint . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 366 6.2.4 Map Generalization of Point Natural Disaster Risk . . . 371 6.2.5 Map Generalization of Line Natural Disaster Risk . . . . 373 6.2.6 Map Generalization of Plane Natural Disaster Risk . . . 375 viii Contents 6.3 Compilation Case of Disaster Risk Map (Atlas) . . . . . . . . . . . . 377 6.3.1 Compilation of Atlas of Natural Disaster in China. . . . 378 6.3.2 Compilation of Atlas of Natural Disaster System of China . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 384 6.3.3 Compilation of Atlas of Natural Disaster Risk of China . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 393 6.3.4 Compilation of Wenchuan Earthquake Disaster Atlas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 398 6.3.5 Compilation of Series Maps for Integrated Natural Disaster Risk in Yangtze River Delta Region . . . . . . . 402 6.3.6 Compilation of Digital Atlas for Natural Disaster in China . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 415 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 421 7 Disaster Risk Regionalization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 423 7.1 Natural Disaster Risk in the World . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 423 7.1.1 Natural Disaster Risk and Disaster Risk Trend in the World . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 424 7.1.2 Spatial and Temporal Pattern of Main Natural Disasters in the World . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 429 7.1.3 Spatial Pattern of Multi-hazard Risk in the World . . . . 431 7.2 Natural Disaster Risk of China . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 436 7.2.1 Natural Disasters Landscape in China . . . . . . . . . . . . . 437 7.2.2 Spatial and Temporal Pattern of Main Natural Disaster Risks in China . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 444 7.3 Integrated Disaster Risk Regionalization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 456 7.3.1 Basic Theory and Principle of Integrated Disaster Risk Regionalization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 457 7.3.2 Natural Disaster Regionalization in China . . . . . . . . . . 460 7.3.3 Agriculture Natural Disaster Regionalization in China . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 467 7.3.4 Regionalization of Urban Natural Disaster in China. . . 473 7.3.5 Regionalization of Natural Disaster Relief in China . . . 480 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 488 8 Disaster Risk Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 491 8.1 The Basis for Disaster Risk Management. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 491 8.1.1 Risk Society and Disaster Risk Management. . . . . . . . 492 8.1.2 Academic Schools of Disaster Risk Management. . . . . 495 8.2 Construction of Disaster Risk Management Institution in China. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 500 8.2.1 China’s Legal System of Disaster Risk Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 500 8.2.2 The Disaster Risk Management System. . . . . . . . . . . . 502 Contents ix 8.2.3 Disaster Risk Management Mechanism . . . . . . . . . . . . 504 8.3 Case Study on Disaster Risk Management System Construction of China. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 507 8.3.1 Summary of the Disaster Prevention and Mitigation During the 12th Five-Year Plan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 508 8.3.2 Summary of Regulations of Wenchuan Post-earthquake Restoration and Reconstruction. . . . . . 524 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 538 9 Disaster Emergency Management and Response . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 541 9.1 Disaster Emergency Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 541 9.1.1 Disaster Emergency Management Principle . . . . . . . . . 541 9.1.2 Disaster Emergency Management Mechanism . . . . . . . 546 9.1.3 Disaster Emergency Management Legal System . . . . . 547 9.1.4 Country Case of Disaster Emergency Management . . . 548 9.2 Disaster Emergency Response. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 569 9.2.1 Disaster Emergency Command. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 569 9.2.2 Response of South Snow Disaster (Electric System) . . . 572 9.2.3 Disaster Emergency Transfer and Placement . . . . . . . . 574 9.2.4 Disaster Emergency Guarantee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 593 9.3 ResearchonNaturalDisasterEmergencyManagementSystem in Shenzhen City . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 608 9.3.1 Natural Disaster System in Shenzhen City. . . . . . . . . . 609 9.3.2 Natural Disaster Emergency Management and Response System in Shenzhen City . . . . . . . . . . . 627 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 633 10 Integrated Disaster Risk Governance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 635 10.1 Structural System of Integrated Disaster Risk Governance . . . . 635 10.1.1 Macro-structural System of Regional Disaster Governance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 636 10.1.2 Microstructural System of the Integrated Disaster Risk Governance and Its Optimization . . . . . . . . . . . . 647 10.2 Functional System of Integrated Disaster Risk Governance and Its Optimization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 674 10.2.1 Functional System of Regional Integrated Disaster Risk Governance and Its Coordination . . . . . . . . . . . . 674 10.2.2 Functional System Optimization of Regional Integrated Disaster Risk Governance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 678 10.2.3 Optimization of Structural and Functional System of Integrated Disaster Risk Governance. . . . . . . . . . . . 680 10.3 Integrated Disaster Risk Governance Paradigm. . . . . . . . . . . . . 683 10.3.1 Administrative Management System of Regional Integrated Disaster Risk Governance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 684

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