Direct Social Work Practice: Theory and Skills

678 Pages·2017·24.78 MB·English

by  H. Rooney, Glenda Dewberry Rooney, Kim Strom-Gottfried

T E N T H E D I T I O N
Direct Social Work
Practice:
Theory and Skills
DEAN H. HEPWORTH
Professor Emeritus, University of Utah and Arizona State University
RONALD H. ROONEY
University of Minnesota
GLENDA DEWBERRY ROONEY
Augsburg College
KIMBERLY STROM-GOTTFRIED
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
Australia(cid:129)Brazil(cid:129)Mexico(cid:129)Singapore(cid:129)UnitedKingdom(cid:129)UnitedStates
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DirectSocialWorkPractice:Theoryand ©2017,2013CengageLearning
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Brief Contents
Preface xiii
About the Authors xix
PART 1
INTRODUCTION. . . . . . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . . .1
1
The Challengesand Opportunitiesof SocialWork 2
2
DirectPractice:Domain,Philosophy,and Roles 23
3
Overviewof the HelpingProcess 35
4
Operationalizingthe CardinalSocialWork Values 57
PART 2
EXPLORING,ASSESSING,AND PLANNING. . . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .89
5
BuildingBlocksofCommunication:ConveyingEmpathyandAuthenticity 91
6
Verbal Following,Exploring,and FocusingSkills 138
7
EliminatingCounterproductiveCommunicationPatterns and Substituting
PositiveAlternatives 168
8
Assessment:Exploringand UnderstandingProblemsand Strengths 187
9
Assessment:Intrapersonal,Interpersonal,and EnvironmentalFactors 216
10
AssessingFamily Functioningin DiverseFamily and CulturalContexts 251
11
Formingand AssessingSocialWork Groups 279
12
DevelopingGoals and Formulatinga Contract 312
PART 3
THE CHANGE-ORIENTEDPHASE . . . . . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . . .. . .363
13
Planningand ImplementingChange-OrientedStrategies 364
14
DevelopingResources,Advocacy,and Organizingas Intervention
Strategies 423
15
EnhancingFamily Functioningand Relationships 455
16
Interveningin SocialWork Groups 484
17
AdditiveEmpathy,Interpretation,and Confrontation 512
18
ManagingBarriersto Change 535
iii
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iv Brief Contents
PART 4
THE TERMINATIONPHASE. . . . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . . .. 567
19
The Final Phase: Evaluationand Termination 568
Bibliography 585
AuthorIndex 625
SubjectIndex 637
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Contents
Preface . . . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . . .. . xiii A PhilosophyofDirect Practice 28
Aboutthe Authors . . . . . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . . .. . xix Roles ofDirectPractitioners 28
DirectProvisionofServices 29
PART 1 SystemLinkageRoles 29
SystemMaintenanceandEnhancement 31
INTRODUCTION. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Researcher/ResearchConsumer 32
SystemDevelopment 33
CHAPTER 1
Summary 33
The Challenges and Opportunities of Social
Competency Notes 34
Work........................................2
TheContext ofSocialWork 3 CHAPTER 3
TheMissionofSocial Work 4 Overview of the Helping Process................ 35
ThePurposes ofSocialWork 5 Common ElementsamongDiverse Theoristsand
SocialWorkValues 6 SocialWorkers 35
EPASCompetencies 8 The HelpingProcess 37
EPASCompetency1 8 PhaseI:Exploration,Engagement,Assessment,and
EPASCompetency2 9 Planning 37
EPASCompetency3 10 PhaseII:ImplementationandGoalAttainment 42
EPASCompetency4 10 PhaseIII:Termination 45
EPASCompetency5 11 The InterviewingProcess: Structureand Skills 46
EPASCompetency6 11 PhysicalConditions 47
EPASCompetencies7and8 11 StructureofInterviews 48
EPASCompetency9 12 TheExplorationProcess 51
Levels ofPractice 12 FocusinginDepth 53
NegotiatingGoalsandaContract 54
OrientingFrameworks toAchieve Competencies 13
EndingInterviews 55
EcologicalSystemsModel 13
GoalAttainment 55
NonlinearApplicationsofSystemsTheory 17
LimitationsofSystemsTheories 17 Summary 55
DecidingonandCarrying OutInterventions 17 Competency Notes 56
Evidence-BasedPractice 18 Notes 56
CriticismofEvidenceApproachesandAlternatives 19
GuidelinesInfluencingInterventionSelection 20 CHAPTER 4
Summary 21 Operationalizing the Cardinal Social Work
CompetencyNotes 21 Values..................................... 57
The InteractionbetweenPersonal andProfessional
CHAPTER 2
Values 57
Direct Practice: Domain, Philosophy, and Roles.. 23
The CardinalValuesofSocial Work 58
Domain 23 AccesstoResources 58
GeneralistPractice 24 RespectforDignityandWorthandInterpersonal
DirectPractice 25 Relationships 60
v
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vi Contents
TheValueofIntegrity 63 MultipleUsesofEmpathicCommunication 111
TheValueofCompetence 63 TeachingClientstoRespondEmpathically 116
Challenges inEmbracing the Profession’sValues 64 Authenticity 117
Ethics 67 TypesofSelf-Disclosure 118
TimingandIntensityofSelf-Disclosure 118
TheIntersectionofLawsandEthics 67
AParadigmforRespondingAuthentically 119
KeyEthicalPrinciples 69
GuidelinesforRespondingAuthentically 119
WhatAretheLimitsonConfidentiality? 75
CuesforAuthenticResponding 123
ConfidentialityinVariousTypesofRecording 77
TheEthicsofPracticewithMinors 78 PositiveFeedback:AFormofAuthentic
Responding 127
Understandingand ResolvingEthical Dilemmas 79
Relating Assertively toClients 128
StepsinEthicalDecisionMaking 80
ApplyingtheEthicalDecision-MakingModel 81 MakingRequestsandGivingDirectives 129
MaintainingFocusandManagingInterruptions 129
Summary 83
InterruptingProblematicProcesses 129
CompetencyNotes 83 “ ” ’
LeaningInto Clients Anger 130
SkillDevelopmentExercises inOperationalizing SayingNoandSettingLimits 131
CardinalValues 84 Summary 132
ClientStatements 85
CompetencyNotes 132
ModeledSocialWorkerResponses 85
SkillDevelopmentExercises inEmpathic
SkillDevelopmentExercises inManagingEthical
Communication 132
Dilemmas 86
ClientStatements 133
ModeledSocialWorkerResponses 134
PART 2 SkillDevelopmentExercises inRespondingAuthentically
EXPLORING, ASSESSING, AND PLANNING . . 89 andAssertively 135
ClientStatements 135
CHAPTER 5 ModeledSocialWorkerResponses 136
AnswerstoExerciseinIdentifyingSurfaceand
Building Blocks of Communication: Conveying
UnderlyingFeelings 136
Empathy and Authenticity................... 91
AnswerstoExercisestoDiscriminateLevelsofEmpathic
Rolesofthe Participants 92 Responding 137
’
DetermineYourClientsExpectations 92
EmphasizeClientResponsibility 94
EmphasizeDifficultiesInherentinProcess 95 CHAPTER 6
ClarifyYourOwnRole 95 Verbal Following, Exploring, and Focusing
ChildrenasParticipants 96 Skills.. ....................................138
Communicating aboutInformed Consent,Confidentiality,
Maintaining Psychological ContactwithClients
andAgency Policies 96
andExploring Their Problems 139
Facilitative Conditions 97
VerbalFollowingSkills 140
Empathic Communication 97
FurtheringResponses 140
DevelopingPerceptivenesstoFeelings 99
MinimalPrompts 140
Affective WordsandPhrases 100 AccentResponses 140
UsingtheListsofAffectiveWordsandPhrases 101 ReflectionResponses 140
ExercisesinIdentifyingSurfaceandUnderlying ReflectionsofContent 140
Feelings 103 ExercisesinReflectionofContent 141
Accurately ConveyingEmpathy 104 ReflectionsofAffect 141
EmpathicCommunicationScale 104 ExerciseswithReflectionsofAffect 143
ExercisesinDiscriminatingLevelsofEmpathic Closed- andOpen-Ended Responses 143
Responding 108 ExercisesinIdentifyingClosed-andOpen-Ended
RespondingwithReciprocalEmpathy 109 Responses 144
ConstructingReciprocalResponses 110 DiscriminantUseofClosed-andOpen-Ended
EmployingEmpathicResponding 111 Responses 145
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Contents vii
SeekingConcreteness 147 TryingtoConvinceClientsabouttheRightPoint
TypesofResponsesThatFacilitateSpecificityof ofViewthroughLogic,Lecturing,Instructing,
ExpressionbyClients 148 orArguing 176
SpecificityofExpressionbySocialWorkers 153 Analyzing,Diagnosing,orMakingGliborDogmatic
ExercisesinSeekingConcreteness 154 Interpretations 177
Providingand MaintainingFocusing 154 Threatening,Warning,orCounterattacking 178
SelectingTopicsforExploration 155 StackingQuestionsandUsingDouble-Barreled
ExploringTopicsinDepth 156 Questions 179
AskingLeadingQuestions 179
ManagingObstaclestoFocusing 160
InterruptingInappropriatelyorExcessively 179
Summarizing Responses 161
DominatingtheInteraction 180
HighlightingKeyAspectsofProblems,Strengths,and
KeepingDiscussionsFocusedonSafeTopics 180
Resources 162
RespondingInfrequently 181
SummarizingLengthyMessages 163
ParrotingorOverusingCertainPhrasesorClichés 181
ReviewingFocalPointsofaSession 163
DwellingontheRemotePast 182
ProvidingFocusandContinuity 164
GoingonFishingExpeditions(TangentialExploration)
AnalyzingYourVerbalFollowingSkills 164
182
Summary 166 FailingtoBeAwareofCognitiveBias 183
CompetencyNotes 166 Gaugingthe EffectivenessofYourResponses 183
Modeled SocialWorker ResponsestoExercisesin The ChallengeofLearning NewSkills 184
ReflectionofContent 166
Summary 186
Modeled SocialWorker ResponsestoExerciseswith
Competency Notes 186
ReflectionofAffect 166
Note 186
AnswerstoExercisesinIdentifyingClosed- and
Open-Ended Responses 166
CHAPTER 8
Modeled SocialWorker ResponsestoExercisesin
Assessment: Exploring and Understanding
IdentifyingClosed- andOpen-Ended Responses 167
Problems and Strengths.....................187
Modeled SocialWorker ResponsestoExercisesinSeeking
The Multidimensionality ofAssessment 188
Concreteness 167
Defining Assessment:Processand Product 188
Note 167
Assessment:FocusandTiming 189
PrioritiesinAssessments 190
CHAPTER 7
Assessmentand Diagnosis 190
Eliminating Counterproductive Communication
TheDiagnosticandStatisticalManual(DSM-5) 191
Patterns and Substituting Positive
Culturally Competent Assessment 192
Alternatives.. ..............................168
ThePerson-in-Environment 193
ImpactsofCounterproductive Communication
Emphasizing Strengths inAssessments 194
Patterns 169
The RoleofKnowledgeinAssessments 195
Identifyingand ImprovingNonverbalBarriers toEffective
The RoleofTheoryinAssessments 196
Communication 169
CaveatsaboutUsingKnowledgeandTheories 197
PhysicalAttending 169
CulturalNuancesofNonverbalCues 169 Sources ofInformation forAssessments 197
OtherNonverbalBehaviors 170 Enactment 198
TakingInventoryofNonverbalPatternsof ClientSelf-Monitoring 198
Responding 171 CollateralContacts 199
Eliminating VerbalBarriers toCommunication 172 AssessmentInstruments 199
’
SocialWorkersPersonalExperience 200
Reassuring,Sympathizing,Consoling,
orExcusing 173 QuestionstoAnswerinProblem Assessment 201
AdvisingandGivingSuggestionsorSolutions GettingStarted 201
Prematurely 174 IdentifyingtheProblem,ItsExpressions,andOther
UsingSarcasmorEmployingHumor CriticalConcerns 202
Inappropriately 175 TheInteractionofOtherPeopleorSystems 203
Judging,Criticizing,orPlacingBlame 175 AssessingNeedsandWants 204
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viii Contents
TypicalWantsInvolvedinPresentingProblems 204 Assessing Behavioral Functioning 234
StressesAssociatedwithLifeTransitions 205 RiskofAggression 236
Cultural,Societal,andSocialClassFactors 206 Assessing Motivation 237
SeverityoftheProblem 206
Assessing EnvironmentalSystems 237
MeaningsThatClientsAscribetoProblems 206
PhysicalEnvironment 238
SitesofProblematicBehaviors 207
SocialSupportSystems 239
TemporalContextofProblematicBehaviors 207
Spirituality and Affiliation witha Faith
FrequencyofProblematicBehaviors 208
Community 241
DurationoftheProblem 208
OtherIssuesAffectingClientFunctioning 208 WrittenAssessments 241
EmotionalReactions 209 Biopsychosocial Assessments 242
CopingEffortsandNeededSkills 209
Case Notes 246
SupportSystems 210
ResourcesNeeded 210 Summary 248
AssessingChildrenand OlderAdults 211 CompetencyNotes 249
DataSourcesandInterviewingTechniques 211 SkillDevelopmentExercises inAssessment 250
Maltreatment 213
Notes 250
Summary 214
CompetencyNotes 214 CHAPTER 10
SkillDevelopmentExercises inExploring Strengths Assessing Family Functioning in Diverse
andProblems 215 Family and Cultural Contexts................251
Note 215 Defining Familyand FamilyFunctions 252
Self-AwarenessinFamily Assessment 253
The FamilySystemsFramework 254
CHAPTER 9
Homeostasis 255
Assessment: Intrapersonal, Interpersonal, and
BoundariesandBoundaryMaintenance 256
Environmental Factors......................216 FamilyDecisionMaking,Hierarchy,andPower 257
TheInteraction ofMultipleSystems inHuman FamilyRoles 259
Problems 216 CommunicationStylesofFamilyMembers 260
FamilyLifeCycle 264
Intrapersonal Systems 217
FamilyRules 265
AssessingBiophysical Functioning 218
SocialEnvironment 267
PhysicalCharacteristicsandPresentation 218
FamilyAdaptiveCapacity 267
PhysicalHealth 218
AssessmentSkills andStrategies 270
AssessingUseandAbuseofMedications,Alcohol,
ObservingPatternsofInteraction 270
andDrugs 219
InterviewingSkillsandCircularQuestioning 272
AssessingCognitive/Perceptual Functioning 224
Genograms 274
IntellectualFunctioning 224
StandardizedScales 276
Judgment 225
Summary 277
RealityTesting 225
CompetencyNotes 277
Coherence 226
CognitiveFlexibility 226 SkillDevelopmentExercises inAssessingFamilies 278
Values 226
Beliefs 227 CHAPTER 11
Self-Concept 227 Forming and Assessing Social Work Groups.....279
AssessingAffective Functioning 228
Classification ofGroups 280
EmotionalControl 229
TreatmentGroupSubtypes 280
RangeofEmotions 229
Self-HelpGroups 281
AppropriatenessofAffect 230
TaskGroupSubtypes 282
SuicidalRisk 230
The EvidenceBasefor Groups 282
DepressionandSuicidalRiskwithChildren
andAdolescents 231 Formation ofTreatment Groups 283
DepressionandSuicidalRiskwithOlderAdults 233 IdentifyingtheNeedfortheGroup 283
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