Direct Application of Phosphate Rock and Related Appropriate Technology-Latest Developments ...

423 Pages·2011·30.05 MB·English

Proceedings of an
DC
International Meeting
Direct Application of Phosphate
Rock and Related Appropriate
An
Technology-Latest -
ternatlonal
Developments and Practical
Center for
Experiences
oil Fertility
and
evelopment
Organized by
t)FDC
An International Center for Soil Fertility
and Agricultural Development
In collaboration with
Malaysian Society of Soil Science (MSSS)
PP. I PPohtoassphh &a te
Institute
East and Southeast Asia Program (ESEAP) Pp~ r}.~{;~.~~~
Canada
!
Summit-Quinphos
July 16-20, 2001
Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
Proceedings of an
International Meeting
Direct Application of Phosphate Rock
and Related Appropriate Technology-Latest
Developments and Practical Experiences
.
Edited by
S.S.S. Rajan and S. H. Chien
Organized by
An International Center for Soil Fertility
QF'DC
and Agricultural Development
i
I
e
In collaboration with
Malaysian Society of Soil Science (MSSS)
hrp JrhPool•apohhar.t .
East and Southeast Asia Program (ESEAP) e ·:::.
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Summit-Quinphos •
SUMMIT
QUINPHOS
July 16-20, 2001
Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Direct application of phosphate rock and related appropriate technology-latest
developments and practical experiences :proceedings of. an international meeting 1 edited
by S.S.S. Rajan and S.H. Chien.
p. em.
MQrganized by IFDC-an International Center for Soil Fertility and Agricultural
Development, in collaboration with Malaysian Society of Soil Science (MSSS}, East and
Southeast Asia Program {ESEAP)PPI/PPIC, and Summit-Quinphos, July 16-20, 2001, Kuala
Lumpur, Malaysia." Includes bibliographical references.
ISBN 0-88090-138-1
1. Phosphatic fertilizers--Congresses. 2. Phosphate rock--Congresses. I. Rajan, S. S.'
S. II. Chien, S. H., 1941- III. International Center for Soil Fertility and Agricultural
Development. IV. Malaysian Society of Soil Science.
S647.D57 2003
631.8'5--dc21 1
2003008235
IFDC-.A n International Center for Soil Fertility and Agricultural Development
P.O. Box 2040
Muscle Shoals, AL 35662 (U.S.A.)
Telephone: +I [phone]
Telefax: [phone]
E-Mail: [email protected]
Web Site: www.ifdc.org
IFDC publications are listed in IFDC Publications, General Publication IFDC-G-1; the publications catalog
is free of charge.
Proceedings of an International Meeting
Direct Application of Phosphate Rock and Related
Appropriate Technology-Latest Developments
and Practical Experiences
Preface
A large proportion oft he arable land in the tropics and sub tropics is moderately to strongly acidic. Such soils
tend to be deficient in phosphorus, an essential macronutrient for plant growth, and frequently possess rela
tively high phosphorus:fixing capacity that can reduce the recovery rate ofa pplied conventional water-soluble
phosphate fertilizers, especially for long-term crops. Unless the problem ofp hosphorus deficiency is solved,
these soils will continue to present a serious constraint to increased crop productivity and sustainable agricul
tural development.
One alternative solution to the use of expensive water-soluble phosphate fertilizers is to directly apply suit
able sources ofp hosphate rock, either indigenous or imported, that can be both agronomically and economi
cally effective for crop production under certain soil, crop, and climatic conditions. Although low-cost direct
application ofp hosphate rock has been used commercially in only a few countries, e.g., Malaysia, Indonesia,
Brazil, Colombia, and New Zealand among others, much interest has been generated on the agronomic use of
phosphate rock during the past 15-20 years. Despite hundreds ofp ublished research papers and several na
tional/international conferences, a general consensus on the agronomic use ofp hosphate rock is still missing
because conflicting results are still being reported. It is now recognized that effective use ofp hosphate rock for
direct application requires a better understanding oft he complex cropping systems involving interactions among
variables ofp hosphate rock sources, soil properties, crop species, and management practices. It is also known
that under certain conditions, e.g., too low reactivity ofp hosphate rock, too high soil pH, etc., direct application
ofp hosphate rock does not give satisfactory results. Modification ofp hosphate rock by appropriate chemical,
physical, and biological technologies has also has been suggested as an alternative means ofp roducing eco
nomically and agronomically effective phosphate fertilizers from indigenous phosphate rock resources that may
otherwise be unsuitable for direct application.
Against this background, IFDC-An International Center for Soil Fertility and Agricultural Development, in
collaboration with the Malaysian Society of Soil Science (MSSS) and the Potash & Phosphate Institute (PPI)
and the Potash & Phosphate Institute ofC anada (PPIC), East and Southeast Asia Program (ESEAP), organized
an international meeting on the use ofp hosphate rock for direct application and related appropriate technology,
which was conducted in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, during July 16-20, 2001. These proceedings record the pa
pers presented at this meeting.
Amit H, Roy
President and ChiefE xecutive Officer
IFDC
iii
Acknowledgments
IFDC, as the organizer of this international meeting, wishes to express its deep appreciation to the
large number of invited and voluntary speakers and delegates who made possible this successful meet
ing. We also wish to thank the Malaysian Society of Soil Science (MSSS) and the Potash & Phosphate
Institute of Canada (PPIC), East and Southeast Asia Program (ESEAP), for their assistance in cospon
soring and organizing this meeting. Finally, we acknowledge with thanks the financial contribution
from Summit-Quinphos (New Zealand) to cover partial cost of the proceedings publication.
S. H. Chien
Co-Technical Editor
iv
Contents
Opening Session
Direct Application of Phosphate Rock: A Global Perspective of the Past, Present and Future
(Keynote Address) ............................................................................................................................................. 1
L. M. Maene
Overview of Phosphate Rock Use and Related Appropriate Technology
Overview of World Phosphate Rock Production ......................................... :. .............................................. 10
S. J. Van Kauwenbergh
Mineralogy and Characterization of Phosphate Rock for Direct Application ............... ,. ......................... 28
S. J. Van Kauwenbergh
Factors Affecting the Agronomic Effectiveness of Phosphate Rock: A General Review .......................... 50
S. H. Chien
IFDC's Evaluation of Modified Phosphate Rock Products ......................................................................... 63
S. H. Chien
Use of Phosphate Rock for Perennial and Annual Crops Cultivation in Malaysia: A Review ................ 78
H. Yusdar and Mohamed M. Hanafi
Use of Phosphate Rock Fertilizers for Oil Palm in Malaysia ...................................................................... 92
Zin Z. Zakaria, H. A. Khalid, M. Tannizi, and A. B. Hamdan
International Research Network on Phosphate Rock
FAOIIAEA Research Activities on Direct Application of Phosphate Rock for
Sustainable Crop Production ....................................................................................................................... 100
F. Zapata
lMPHOS Experience on Direct Application of Phosphate Rock in Asia ................................................. 110
A. Nassir
East African Phosphate Resources and Their Agronomic Performance ................................................. 123
Paul Smithson, Bashir Jama, Robert Delve, Peter van Straaten, and Roland Buresh
Phosphate Rock Evaluation: Sub-Saharan Africa Experience ................................................................. 134
U. Singh, B. Fofana, H. Breman, H. van Renier, B. Vanlauwe, and S. H. Chien
The Use of Phosphate Rock in Tropical Upland Improvement in Southeast Asia-
Past Experience and Future Needs .............................................................................................................. 150
Ernst Mutert and Thomas Fairhurst
v
National Research Network on Phosphate Rock
Evaluation of Reactive Phosphate Rock as a P Fertilizer for Permanent Improved
Pasture in Australia ........................••.••.•........•.•.•.••.•••...•...•.....••.•..•••..•.•••.••..••..•..•..••.••.•••...............•.•..••......•.. 163
Peter W.G. Sale
Key Outputs From Reactive Phosphate Rock Research in New Zealand ................................................ 177
M. J. Hedley and N. S. Bolan
Utilization of Phosphate Rocks as a Source of Phosphorus for Sugarcane Production
on Acid Soils in South China ••...............•.•••...•.............•..••.••..••.••.•••..•........................................................... 194
Zhiwu Huang, Chenglin Zhang, Jian Luo, Shaoling Zheng, Renjun Lu, and Xiaolong Yan
Isotopic Technique and Modeling in Phosphate Rock Research
Towards Developing a Decision Support System for Phosphate Rock Direct Application
in Agriculture •.............................••.••.••.••.••...........••....•.•....•..••.•••.....••.••.••.••....•..•.•...••.••..•.••••....................•••••. 200
L. K. Heng
An Expert System for Estimating Agronomic Effectiveness of Freshly Applied Phosphate Rock ........ 214
U. Singh, P. W. Wilkens, J. Henao, S. H. Chien, D. T. Hellums, and L. L. Hammond
The Use of 32P Isotope Techniques to Study Soil P Dynamics and to Evaluate the Agronomic
Effectiveness of Phosphate Fertilizers ...•..•.•.•..•...............................................•............................•.•..•••..••..• 225
A. R. Zaharah and F. Zapata
Reports From Phosphate Rock Producers, Users and Researchers
Direct Application of Phosphate Rock: Indonesia's Experience and Constraints of
Adoption at Farmer Level •••••..•.••.••....•.............•.••.••.•.•....••..••..•.••••.••.••.••...••........•..••..•.....•.•.••..•.•••.••....•......• 236
J. Sri Adiningsih, Dedi Nursyamsi, and Soetjipto Partohardjono
The Use of Soil Properties to Predict Dissolution and Agronomic Effectiveness
of Phosphate Rock Fertilizers ........••..••.••..•.•..•...................•••.••.•......................................................•.•.•••..••• 251
R. J. Gilkes, M.D.A. Bolland, R. F. Brennan, and J. C. Hughes
Direct Application of Phosphate Rocks to Pastoral Soils-Phosphate Rock Reactivity and
the Influence of Soil and Climatic Factors ..•.•.•....•.•••..•.•...••.•.•••..•.•.••.••.••••.•••.•.••..••..••.•.••••.•••.•.•••.••••••.•......• 257
Ken Perrott
The Agronomic Effectiveness of Daoui Phosphate Rock in Brazilian Soils ............................................. 263
Nelson Horowitz and Joao Eduardo Simoes Ma9as
Development of the Market for Direct Application of Phosphate Rock-A Perspective Based
on Experience in New Zealand and Scotland ...•.••.••.•..•••••••.•••.••.••..••.•••..•.•••..•.••••••.••.•••...•••••••.••..••.•.••••.••.... 269
Bert Quin and Peter Scott
Direct Application of Phosphate Rock to Iran Calcareous Soils ............................................................... 277
H. Besharati, F. Noorgholipour, M. J. Malakouti, K. Khavazi, M. Lotfollahi, and M. S. Ardakani
vi
Reports From Phosphate Rock Producers, Users and Researchers (Continued)
Effect of Thiobacillus Bacteria on Increasing Phosphorus Availability From Phosphate Rock
for Corn Grown on the Calcareous Soils of Iran ....•••••.•..•••..• , .................................................................... 280
K. Khavazi, H. Besharati, F. Nourgholipour, and M. J. Malakouti
Evaluation of Jordan Phosphate Rock for Direct Application .................................................................. 285
Samir Arar and Nazieh Touqan
Research on Gafsa (Tunisia) Reactive Phosphate Rock and Its Fertilizer
Potential for Direct Application ...•................••.••........•••........•.........•........•.......••.•...............•.•.•••.........••....... 294
Ibrahim El-Haj
Evaluating the Effectiveness of Phosphate Fertilizers: Phosphate Rock Use and Related
Technology in Venezuela ····•·•·•············•·••·••·•··········•···•·················•·······•··•········.•·•··········•··••··············•••·········· 306
Eduardo Casanova 0.
Long-Term Studies ou Agronomic Effectiveness of African and Indian Phosphate Rocks
in Relation to Productivity of Maize and Wheat Crops in Mountain Acid Soils of Western
Himalayas (India) ••........•.•..........•.••.•....•.......•.•.••.••........•.•......•.......•.•........•...........•..•...........•....•.•................. 322
. Pritam K. Sharma, S. K. Bhardwaj, and H. L. Sharma
Improvement of Maize Productivity With Combination of Phosphorus Fertilizer From
Different Sources and Vesicular-Arbuscular Mycorrhizae lnoculation ................................................... 329
D. R. Lukiwati and R.D.M. Simanungkalit
Papers Presented in Poster Session
An Integrated Decision Support Package for Evaluation of Reactive Phosphate Rock
Fertilizer Strategies for Grazed Pasture ........•..•••..•......••........••.................•.••.......•...............••....•........•....... 334
A. K. Metherell and K. W. Perrott
Efficacy oflron Oxide Impregnated Paper Strip Compared With Two Standard Methods in
Extracting P From Phosphate Rock Fertilized Soils ....••.•.•.....•.......•.....................•.••............•••...•.......•...... 343
E. W. Gikonyo, A. R. Zaharah, and P. C. Smithson
Effects of Phosphate Rock Fertilization and Arbuscular Mycorrhizae Inoculation
on the Growth of Agroforestry Tree Seedlings .••.••.•.....••........••.....••.............•.......••...........••.....•.•........•...... 353
N. K. Karanja, K. A. Mwendwa, J. R. Okalebo, and F. Zapata
Nutrient Replenishment in Smallholder Farms of Western Kenya Using the
"PREP-PAC" Product ................................................................................................................................... 367
J. R. Okalebo, N. K. Karanja, H. K. Maritim, P. L. Woomer, P. A. Obura, P. Nekesa, and F. Mwaura
Beneficiation of Phosphate Rock Fertilizers by Mechano-Milling ........................................................... 378
H. H. Lim, R. J. Gilkes, and P. G. McCormick
Direct Application of Phosphate Rocks to Rice on Acid Sulfate Soils in South China ......•..........•.•....... 386
Chenglin Zhang, Shaoling Zheng, Xiurong Wang, Xiaolong Yan, Liangshang Xie, and Xiaoping Zang
vii
Papers Presented in Poster Session (Continued)
Potential of Dorowa Phosphate Rock as a Low Cost Fertilizer for Smallholder Farmers
in Zimbabwe--A Review of Research Done ............................................................................................... 397
F. Tagwira
Workshop Delegates ...................................................................................................................................... 407
viii
Direct Application of Phosphate Rock:
A Global Perspective of the Past, Present and Future
L. M. Maene1
Introduction However, according to !FA's estimates,2 the global
consumption of PR has declined substantially during
The nature of phosphate is discussed in a recent book the past two decades.
by A. E. Johnston entitled Soil and Plant Phosphate,
The global fall is, therefore, attributable ahnost en
published in 2000 by the International Fertilizer Indus
tirely to China and the former Soviet Union (FSU).
try Association (!FA). The following information is ex
There are markets such as those of Malaysia and Bra
tracted from the book:
zil, where directly applied PR makes good sense from
Finely ground phosphate rocks can be used on
an agronomic or economic point of view. There has
acidic soils where soil acidity slowly releases plant
also been renewed interest in PR due to concern about
available P. These finely ground materials are dif
the degradation of upland soils in Asia and the over
ficult to handle. In the humid tropics they have
cultivation without adequate restitution of the removed
proven to have beneficial effects on plantation
plant nutrients of soils in many parts ofA frica. In both
crops grown on acid soils. The more suitable phos
regions, the natural phosphate content of the soil is too
phate rocks are those which are classified as "re
low to support productive agriculture.
active". Their chemical composition allows rapid
dissolution in the soii... .. They can have fmancial It is, therefore, instructive to review how the use of
benefits for resource poor farmers growing annual
PR has developed and to identify the constraints to its
crops on acid soils in tropical and subtropical cli
use in the different regions of the world.
mate but these benefits need to be quantified. The
uniform application of finely ground phosphate
Europe
rock is not easy and the possible availability, crop
United Kingdom
uptake and transfer of cadmium to the food chain
In the United Kingdom (UK), the investigation of
must be considered.
the potential for directly applying PR began in the
The Development of the Use of Phosphate
Rock for Direct Application
World
Since the time when the importance of phosphate
(P) in crop production was recognized and substantial
natural deposits of phosphate rock (PR) were discov
ered, the potential for using PR without chemical pro
ces:sintg has attracted attention.
'Directly applied PR is not classified as a fertilizer in many
countries and, therefore, is not included in their official
fertilizer consumption statistics. In order to take account of
this, !FA estimates the consumption of directly applied PR
not only on the basis of reported consumption statistics but
also on the basis of the destination of exported PR, known
to be suitable for direct application. However, it is sometimes
difficult to distinguish between PR imported to manufacture
fertilizers and industrial products and PR intended for direct
application. Some exports of ground PR, considered as a
"speciality," may not be revealed in the export statistics.
1Director General, International Fertilizer Industry Nevertheless, the statistics are sufficiently accurate for the
Association (!FA), Paris, France. needs of this paper.