Table Of ContentThe Handbook of Environmental Chemistry 49
Series Editors: Damià Barceló · Andrey G. Kostianoy
Mehran Alaee Editor
Dioxin and
Related
Compounds
Special Volume in Honor of
Otto Hutzinger
The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry
Founded by Otto Hutzinger
Editors-in-Chief: Damia` Barcelo´ Andrey G. Kostianoy
l
Volume 49
Advisory Board:
Jacob de Boer, Philippe Garrigues, Ji-Dong Gu,
Kevin C. Jones, Thomas P. Knepper, Alice Newton,
Donald L. Sparks
Moreinformationaboutthisseriesathttp://www.springer.com/series/698
Dioxin and Related
Compounds
Special Volume in Honor of Otto Hutzinger
Volume Editor: Mehran Alaee
With contributions by
D. Baumeister (cid:1) M.L. Berger (cid:1) T. Bernsmann (cid:1) D. Chen (cid:1) A. Covaci (cid:1)
J.deBoer(cid:1)S.R.deSolla(cid:1)H.Fiedler(cid:1)P.Fu¨rst(cid:1)Y.Guan(cid:1)H.S.S.Ip(cid:1)
T. Kunisue (cid:1) J.S. LaKind (cid:1) G. Malarvannan (cid:1) L.B. Martello (cid:1)
C.H. Marvin (cid:1) S. Mirmigkou (cid:1) H.-B. Moon (cid:1) E.J. Reiner (cid:1) A. Roos (cid:1)
M. Rose (cid:1) S.-i. Sakai (cid:1) S.D. Shaw (cid:1) J. She (cid:1) E. Sverko (cid:1) S. Tanabe (cid:1)
G.T. Tomy (cid:1) D. Wang (cid:1) R.H. Weldon (cid:1) R.J. Wenning (cid:1) J. Zhang
Editor
MehranAlaee
AquaticContaminantsResearchDivision
EnvironmentandClimateChangeCanada
Burlington,Ontario
Canada
ThechaptersbyC.H.Martinetal.,byMartinRoseisfromUK,andtheContributionbelong
to Her Majesty The Queen Right of UK, and by S.R. de Solla are published with kind
permissionoftheHerMajestytheQueenRightofCanada.
ISSN1867-979X ISSN1616-864X (electronic)
TheHandbookofEnvironmentalChemistry
ISBN978-3-319-23888-3 ISBN978-3-319-23889-0 (eBook)
DOI10.1007/978-3-319-23889-0
LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2016943426
©SpringerInternationalPublishingSwitzerland2016
Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsarereservedbythePublisher,whetherthewholeorpartof
the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations,
recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission
or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or
dissimilarmethodologynowknownorhereafterdeveloped.
The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this
publicationdoesnotimply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexempt
fromtherelevantprotectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse.
Thepublisher,theauthorsandtheeditorsaresafetoassumethattheadviceandinformationinthis
book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the
authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained
hereinorforanyerrorsoromissionsthatmayhavebeenmade.
Printedonacid-freepaper
ThisSpringerimprintispublishedbySpringerNature
TheregisteredcompanyisSpringerInternationalPublishingAGSwitzerland
Editors-in-Chief
Prof.Dr.Damia` Barcelo´ Prof.Dr.AndreyG.Kostianoy
DepartmentofEnvironmentalChemistry P.P.ShirshovInstituteofOceanology
IDAEA-CSIC RussianAcademyofSciences
C/JordiGirona18–26 36,NakhimovskyPr.
08034Barcelona,Spain 117997Moscow,Russia
and [email protected]
CatalanInstituteforWaterResearch(ICRA)
H20Building
ScientificandTechnologicalParkofthe
UniversityofGirona
EmiliGrahit,101
17003Girona,Spain
[email protected]
Advisory Board
Prof.Dr.JacobdeBoer
IVM,VrijeUniversiteitAmsterdam,TheNetherlands
Prof.Dr.PhilippeGarrigues
UniversityofBordeaux,France
Prof.Dr.Ji-DongGu
TheUniversityofHongKong,China
Prof.Dr.KevinC.Jones
UniversityofLancaster,UnitedKingdom
Prof.Dr.ThomasP.Knepper
UniversityofAppliedScience,Fresenius,Idstein,Germany
Prof.Dr.AliceNewton
UniversityofAlgarve,Faro,Portugal
Prof.Dr.DonaldL.Sparks
PlantandSoilSciences,UniversityofDelaware,USA
v
ThiSisaFMBlankPage
The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry
Also Available Electronically
The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry is included in Springer’s eBook
packageEarthandEnvironmentalScience. Ifalibrarydoes notoptfor thewhole
package,thebookseriesmaybeboughtonasubscriptionbasis.
ForallcustomerswhohaveastandingordertotheprintversionofTheHandbook
ofEnvironmentalChemistry,weofferfreeaccesstotheelectronicvolumesofthe
SeriespublishedinthecurrentyearviaSpringerLink.Ifyoudonothaveaccess,you
canstillviewthetableofcontentsofeachvolumeandtheabstractofeacharticleon
SpringerLink(www.springerlink.com/content/110354/).
Youwillfindinformationaboutthe
–EditorialBoard
–AimsandScope
–InstructionsforAuthors
–SampleContribution
atspringer.com(www.springer.com/series/698).
Allfiguressubmittedincolorarepublishedinfullcolorintheelectronicversionon
SpringerLink.
Aims and Scope
Since 1980, The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry has provided sound
and solid knowledge about environmental topics from a chemical perspective.
Presenting a wide spectrum of viewpoints and approaches, the series now covers
topics such as local and global changes of natural environment and climate;
anthropogenicimpactontheenvironment;water,airandsoilpollution;remediation
and waste characterization; environmental contaminants; biogeochemistry; geo-
ecology;chemicalreactionsandprocesses;chemicalandbiologicaltransformations
as well as physical transport of chemicals in the environment; or environmental
modeling. A particular focus of the series lies on methodological advances in
environmentalanalyticalchemistry.
vii
ThiSisaFMBlankPage
Series Preface
Withremarkablevision,Prof. OttoHutzingerinitiatedTheHandbook ofEnviron-
mentalChemistry in1980andbecamethe foundingEditor-in-Chief.Atthattime,
environmental chemistry was an emerging field, aiming at a complete description
of the Earth’s environment, encompassing the physical, chemical, biological, and
geologicaltransformationsofchemicalsubstancesoccurringonalocalaswellasa
global scale. Environmental chemistry was intended to provide an account of the
impact of man’s activities on the natural environment by describing observed
changes.
Whileaconsiderableamountofknowledgehasbeenaccumulatedoverthelast
three decades, as reflected in the more than 70 volumes of The Handbook of
Environmental Chemistry, there are still many scientific and policy challenges
ahead due to the complexity and interdisciplinary nature of the field. The series
will therefore continue to provide compilations of current knowledge. Contribu-
tions are written by leading experts with practical experience in their fields. The
Handbook of Environmental Chemistry grows with the increases in our scientific
understanding, and provides a valuable source not only for scientists but also for
environmental managers and decision-makers. Today, the series covers a broad
rangeofenvironmentaltopicsfromachemicalperspective,includingmethodolog-
icaladvancesinenvironmentalanalyticalchemistry.
Inrecentyears,therehasbeenagrowingtendencytoincludesubjectmatterof
societal relevance in the broad view of environmental chemistry. Topics include
life cycle analysis, environmental management, sustainable development, and
socio-economic, legal and even political problems, among others. While these
topics are of great importance for the development and acceptance of The Hand-
bookofEnvironmentalChemistry,thepublisherandEditors-in-Chiefhavedecided
tokeepthehandbookessentiallyasourceofinformationon“hardsciences”witha
particular emphasis on chemistry, but also covering biology, geology, hydrology
andengineeringasappliedtoenvironmentalsciences.
Thevolumesoftheseriesarewrittenatanadvancedlevel,addressingtheneeds
ofbothresearchersandgraduatestudents,aswellasofpeopleoutsidethefieldof
ix
