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01g1t1zeab1 UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
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UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
SCHOOL OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS AND
STRATEGIC snJDIES
Dimensions of Strategy
Some Indian Perspectives
4'
~by
JayantanujaBandyopadhyaya
Arun Kumar Banerji
SujayBasu
Ananda Deb Mukherjee
MINERVA:INDIA
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Jldavpur Uni\'Usity
Fir• Pllblisbed : Dccanber 1989
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SoK>oL of Incemational Rclalioos and Stra1egic Studies, Jadavpur
University, was established by a resolution of the Executive Council of
tbe University in November 1987 "to encourage interdisciplinary
programmes of advanced saudy and research" in the academic field indi·
cated by ilS name. It is expected IO be a forum for the interaction of all
tbe three Faculties of tbe University, namely, the Faculty of Arts, the
Faculty of Science, and the Faculty of Engineering and Technology.
With this end in view the Administtative Committee and the .. .\cademic
Conunittee of the School have been constituted with members drawn
from all the three Faculties.
The School started funcdoning effectively from the end of 1988, and
its first major academic activity was an all-India seminar on "Dimensions ·
of Strategy in Indian Perspective", held on the University campus on 1-3
December 1988. Teache.rs from aD the three Faculties of the UniYCl'Sity
and odlcr scholars from different parts of India presented papers al the
seminar and actively participated in its three-day deliberations. The
present book includes the 13 full-length papezs presented at the seminar.
The School defmes the concept of sttategy in International Relations
in a broad seme which transcends the boundaries of sccmity in a purely
mililary sense that is c:oncemed with the exercise of military opcions for
the auainment of politico-military objectives. The formulation of objec
tives and policy-Options by such actors in the international system as
governments or nongovernmental organizations or agencies, which affect
the course of international relations one way or another, is conside:ed to
be the broad subject-matter of strategy. In odlcr words, a sttategic sillla
tion in International Relations is defined as one which requires conscious
decision-making by the actors with reference IO specific objectives, and
is essentially distinguished from a randomevent. instead of being iden
tified with military moves and oountermoves.
Morcovtt, the scope of International Relations and Sttategic Studies,
as Wlderstood by the School, is widtt than mere poWtt-political relations
among nation-states. 1be subject is regarded as multidisciplinary and
synthetic in scope, including the political, economic, military, sociocul
tural, technological, and environmental dimensions of the empirical field
of International Relations, all intelacting with one another and collective
ly defining the state of lhe international system.
The national seminar was conceived of in this wide. multidisciplinary
and synthetic perspective, with regard IO both the scope of International
Relations as an academic subject and the specific problem of sttaccgy.
The organiurioo of the seminar and the papers presented at it reOcctcd
this peaspective. The a!T3ngemcnt of the present book is also based on
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VI
this broad view of the of strategy in contemporary international
~ing
relations.
In Part-I Professor Aswini Ray sets the stage with a critical appraisal
of what is essentially the NA TO perspective of the security problems of
the Third World countries, and draws ~lion to the fact that the in
security and instablility of these countries are imbedded in the structure
of contemporary international relations which is characterized by the
dominance of a small centre over a large and dependent periphery.
Pan-II is concerned Mth the political and economic dimensions of
sttategy. Professor Jayantanuja Bandyopadhyaya highlights the strategic
problems of the Third World countries in a game- theoretic perspective.
Professor Ambica Prasad Ghosh, while mainly focusing on the possibility
of mixed - motive games among enterprises in a Socialist economy, also
indicates the possibility of applying his model. to international relations.
Dr. Ajitabha Roy Choudhury illustrates the problems of economic
strategy faced by the Third World countries vis-a-vis the industrially
developed market ecooomies with the help of a bargaining model for
oommodity trade.
Pan-Ill emphasizes the strat.egic significance of natural resources and
energy. Professor Ananda Dev Mukherjee discusses the Strategic sig
nificance of raw materials, in a Third World perspective. Professor Sujoy
Basu argues that the official emphasis on nuclear energy in India and
other Third World countries cannot be justified on either economic or
technological grounds, and is in fact attributable to unstated military ob
jectives. Professor Arun Kunw Banerji explains the factorS which have
rendered the oil weapon, used so effectively by the OPEC Countries in
the 70s for politico-economic bargaining, less effective in the subsequent
period. Professor Jayantanuja Bandyopadhyaya shows how recent chan
ges in the global macroclimate, including temperalUre rise due to in
creased accumulation of carbon dioxide in the atrnOSphe.re and increase
in ultraviolet radiation due to depletion of the ozone layer, have adverse
ly affected the environmental security of the Third World countries.
The contributions in Part-IV have been made exclusively by the en
gineers. Professors Kalyan Datta and T. K. Ghosal: explore the prospec
tive role of artificial intelligence in future wars. Professor A.K. Nath
studies the linguistic dimension of strategic decisions within the
fr.unewurk of con1munication lhoory. Professor A. Bhanacharya and Dr.
Sanal indkate the relevance of stochastic models including
l\1ukherj~
l\1arko\' l'hain of tr.1nsi1ion plllbabilities to straregic studies.
t~
Finally, part-Vis l'Olll.'t'mt'd wilh India's strategic problems. Dr. R.R.
Sutira111a111an analyses th< M.'ent in India's sirategic environ-
~·hange:;
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meal •railing from Soudtwea Asia to Soulhcut Asia and di'CWIC)S
Jndia'1 policy opdons wilb specie! rdeac11cc IO Chim, patj•an, the
Soviet Union and the USA. ProfcSIOr A.N. Biswu oamiDCI the lmJ*l
of the China factor OD IMim 111UCgy.
While the papers presental at the aemirw and included in Ibis book
IR multidisciplinary in scopc. Ibey do not rqxcscnt any significant col
lallarative effort on an infa-faculty and interdisciplinary buis. 'ibis is a
Jacma which the School of Jntt,matimel llclations and·Strat.cgic Studies
bis been trying to rectify.
The School is tbankfuJ 10 the teachers from all the duce Faculties of
the Jadavpur Univenily a well a IO the eminent scholars from Olher
pmu of the country who contribufed papr.1s 10 lbc national seminar llld
is ils dclibendom. The bumble efforts of the School will be
pmticipl~
dccmcd 10 have bcen fruilful if the iftSClll publication cvobs a
favourable from the acadt.mic community, and if it succecds in
l'C$pOllSC
stimulaling multidisciplinary cntr.rprises in Intematimal Rclaliom llld
Snegic Studies clswhelc in IMia.
I 1111 tbmtful IO Profe.um Anm Kumar Baneaji, Joint Director of lbc
School. far generally looking aft.er the publicalicn of this book.
Ymally I would like 10 tbant Mr. Sushi! Mukherjea of Minerva A.
soclalcs (Pllblicalicm) PYt. Lid for the inrerest he bas taken in the publi
ce«iaa of this Volume •
.
Jadavpur UnivUsity.
Jayantanuja Bandyopadhyaya
I lib Sept.ember 1989.
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PART-I
"'..-• 1 In•mitJ IDd Imtehllity in The 11linl World
·A ailique ofWeltenl P&apective 3
-Aawiai IC. Ray
PART·ll
°"'*"' · Gaw Tlworetk Moddl O/StroleD
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2 SolDc G F ie n.eoredc Models of Sil T V iD
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Owp«-3 Policy Decitimt ID a Socin'w
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Bco;-a••y Oll"e 33
-Ambib Pil•r1 GIQla
Owp« • 4 A Bapining Model of Commodity Tlade 56
-Ajillb-.. Raydllldmri
PART-m
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5 NallFlll Rmarcea and DimeM!ol• of
Sil 1!11)' 63
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- Ananda Deb MiMajcc
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6 Nuclear Falgy : The Sil lcgic Ccw•MIClice T1
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~ - 7 Tho Oil WelpOll : 1.;mm. of
Diplomiey 100
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-Anll Bmerji
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Oimtic Change anc1 111o 1 of 111o
1birdWorld 110
- Jaym11511Dja Bnlyqatbyaya
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PART-IV
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Eltgu..rutg Models SlrolieD
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9 Anificial IFltdtigtnM 11111 1mp1ca-
1ioas b Slrattgic Studies 119
- IC. Dnaa -1 T. IC. Gbo on'
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10 Slllllqic Decisions V11 IJnguistic Variables 131
-A.K.Nadl
Chapter- II Maltovian Stntegy 144
-A. K. BhM•wmaryya llld S.K. Mukherjee
PART-V
lndld s Strategic Envlronlrtall twl Opdolu
Olaprer-12 India's Scrategic En\liroi'Jment and Optioos ISO
- R. R. Subram#!ian
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Olaprer-13 lmplct Otina on India's Defence Policy 1S7
- A. N. Biswas
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