Dimensions of Evolving an Energy Independent Society

607 Pages·2011·9.41 MB·English

GRIT PROJECT
REPORTS 2010
Submitted
by
PGP, PGP-ABM, , PGPX and Exchange students

to
Dr A P J Abdul Kalam
Prof Anil K Gupta

Indian Institute of Management
Vastrapur, Ahmedabad

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INDEX
Page
Group NAME (group members) Project title
No.
1 A ARAVIND BHARATHI, DIWAS 5-24 DRINKING WATER FOR SIX
JOSHI (ABM), MANEKA BHOGALE BILLION PEOPLE OF THE
MADHAV (ABM), SUBHADEEP WORLD
SANYAL (ABM), MARIE-ALIX PRAT
(Exc), ANSHUMAN ASTHANA
(PGPX), SANDEEP DESHMUKH
(PGPX)
2 AJAY SAMPATH, SANDEEP KUMAR 25-64 Drinking Water Availability for 6
GUPTA, DEEPAK MAUN (ABM), billion plus people of the World
THOMAS PAUL CHARLES FRIANG
(Exc), SANDEEP MALHOTRA (PGPX)
3 ALOK GAUTAM, S. PRIYA (ABM) 65-87 Drinking Water Availability for Six
Billion People
4 AMBER MAHESHWARI, RAHUL 88-106 ENERGY EFFICIENCY
REGULAPATI, SHANTANU SOLUTIONS FOR A CLEANER
SHEKHAR, SEBASTIEN FRANCOIS AND GREENER INDIA
(Exc), SHEHZIA VALIULLA (Exc)
5 ANKIT GOEL, RITESH AGARWAL, 107-122 Evolution of Corruption Free India
VIKANSHU BHARGAVA, STEPHANE
BOLELLI (Exc), ROHIT KELKAR
(PGPX)
6 ASHOK KUMAR BHARDWAJ, NEHA 123-142 Evolution of Corruption-free India
DAHIYA, PRASHANTH P,
CHARLOTTE AXELSSON (Exc),
DOROHTE STAHLIJANS (Exc),
JYOTHISWAROOP JAYAPRAKASH
(PGPX), VIKRANT NANDA (PGPX)
7 AVIRAL JAIN, DEEKSHA KAKKAR, 143-144 A Carbon Neutral Nation
PRITHIV SIDDHARTH
8 BHANU PRATAP SINGH CHAUHAN, 145-170 Dimensions of Evolving an Energy
ISHAN CHOUDHURY, LAGGOUNE Independent Society (Evolution of
Gupta, Sandeep Gupta, Jyoti, Gautam a Carbon Neutral Nation)
9 DSILVA GLEN JOSEPH (PGP), Desai 171-212 Drinking water availability for six
Sagar Sambhajirao (PGP-ABM), billion people in the world
Shelly Gera (PGP-ABM), Anand
Prasannakumar (PGPX), Navin
Rajendran (PGPX), Angot Steve
(Exchange)
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10 Paul Ricard, Stéphane Zahrai, Baldev 213-256 Drinking Water Availability for six
Raj Juneja (abm), Hemant Gaule b illion plus people of the World
Advised by Pankaj Srivastava and (Report 1 & 2)
Prosenjit Ghosh
11 KULDEEP SINGH, AHMED ASKIRI 257-301 Evolution of Corruption-free India
(Exc), GILLES BOURCY (Exc),
PHILIPP BOHL (Exc), ANAND
GANESAN (PGPX), GAUTAM
CORMILI (PGPX), GAUTAM MODI
(PGPX), VINAYAK BHAT (PGPX)
12 LAKSHMISHA S K, MOVIN JAIN, 302-315 Dimensions of Evolving an Energy
HIMADRI AGARWAL (ABM), Independent Society (Evolution of
VENKATESAN KRISHNACHARI a Carbon Neutral Nation)
(PGPX)
13 RAVI YADAV, SAURABH SINGH, 316-351 Evolution of a Corruption Free
DANIEL DE LUNA (Exc), UDIT India
GOYAL (PGPX)
14 SAHIL AGGARWAL, ARPITA 352-363 Corruption in the Trucking Industry
SENGUPTA (ABM), PUGEAULT
CAMILLE (Exc), GAURAV (PGPX),
NAGESH SHUKLA (PGPX), RAHUL
SINGHAL (PGPX)
15 SHUBHASHISH BISWAS, SOURAV 364-383 Dimensions of Evolving an Energy
DAS, SUDESHNA DEY (ABM), Independent Society (Evolution of
NAMITA CHAUHAN (Exc), DEVKI a Carbon Neutral Nation)
NANDAN (PGPX), MATHEW
SAMUEL (PGPX)
16 SONAM CHOUDHARY, ABHINAV 384-419 Drinking Water Availability for 6
GARG (PGPX), BETTINA billion plus people of the World
ACKERMANN (Exc), SARA
GUILCHER (Exc), SARAH
NERBONNE (Exc), VINEET KARHAIL
17 BERNARD JULIE (Exc), JEANSON 420-457 Drinking Water Availability for 6
BENEDICTE (Exc), MOULIADE billion plus people of the World
LAURA (Exc), CHARLOTTE DAML
LEVILLE (Exc)
18 ABHISHEK SRIVASTAVA (PGPX), 458-461 Dimensions of Evolving an Energy
NIKHIL MUDALIAR (PGPX) Independent Society
19 AMIT CHATURVEDI (PGPX) 462-465 Interlinking of Water Bodies in
InProject Report
20 AMRESH DESHPANDE (PGPX), 466-481 Involvement of Transporters in the
GAGAN CHOPRA (PGPX) Tourism Sector
21 ANUROOP TALWAR (PGPX), AMIT 482-495 Making Judiciary Answerable to
CHATURVEDI, Gautam Modi „Aam Janta‟
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22 GAUTAM BHUYAN (PGPX)Gautam 496-506 Making Development Policies
Cormoli, Vinayak Bhat, Jyoti Agrawal, More Effective in Naxal affected
Gautam Bhuyan Eastern Corridor
23 MAYANK JOSHI (PGPX) Udit Goyal, 507-522 Globalizing Resurgent India
Navin Rajendran, Mayank Joshi through Innovative Transformation
24 SHANKAR GAJENDRA (PGPX) 523-562 Inclusive Education For Children of
(Swaroop, Shankar Gajendran, Migrant Labourers. Globalising
Venkatesan Krishnachari, Vikrant T and Resurgent India through
Nanda) Innovative
25 SHREEYA JAYARAMAN (PGPX) 563-564 mSikshaa
26 SUJIT VERMA (PGPX), 565-582 Nursing - Restoring the Heartbeat
VIVEKANAND CHUDGAR (PGPX) of Healthcare
27 TANUSHREE DATTA (PGPX) 583-607 Globalising a Resurgent India
through Innovative Transformation

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Sr. No. 1, 36, 38, 41, 53, 73, 92

SAFE DRINKING WATER FOR SIX BILLION PEOPLE OF THE WORLD
A Aravind Bharathi, Anshuman Asthana, Diwas Joshi, Maneka Bhogale,
Marie-Alix Prat, Sandeep Deshmukh, Subhadeep Sanyal

Project report

submitted to

Dr. APJ Abdul Kalam
Prof. Anil Gupta

In partial fulfillment of the requirements of the course

Globalizing and Resurgent India through Innovative Transformation

20th November, 2010

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1. Introduction
About 97.5 percent of the earth's water is saltwater. Less than one percent of the water on
earth is in lakes, rivers, wetlands, and shallow aquifers that are available for human use. The
annual replenishment of these systems constitutes the renewable water supply out of which
10 percent is consumed by human. Yet, only 15 percent of people worldwide live in relative
water abundance. World Resources Institute (WRI) has estimated that 41 percent of the
world's population lives in river basins under 'water stress,' meaning that per capita water
supply is less than 1,700 cubic meters per year.
The problems related to drinking water can be divided into three basic categories which are
as follows –
(i) Water Scarcity
(ii) Poor Access
(iii) Poor Quality
1.1. Water Scarcity
The basic source of drinking water is the groundwater. With the imbalance between the water
use and its resources, low levels of rainwater harvesting and the increase in global warming,
water tables all around the world are going down. Thus, the water in the world is becoming
scarcer every day.

Source: PROPARCO, French Agency of Development
The population of world is pegged at 6.8 billion presently and is increasing at a rate of 1.1
percent every year. By 2050, the world population will be about 9.4 billion. So, managing the
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water resources judiciously is one of the major mantra to reduce the problem of water
scarcity all round the world.
1.2. Poor Access
According to the 2nd UN World Water Development Report, more than a billion people,
about 20 percent of world‘s population lack the access to safe drinking water and 45 percent
population does not get clean drinking water at home.
The rate at which the world‘s population is growing indicates an increased demand of
freshwater of about 64 billion cubic metres a year. If the trends of water usage continue, by
2025, about one-third of the population will not have access to safe drinking water. The
population growth will occur mostly in developing countries, which already have scarcity of
water. The worst affected areas at present are in the Sub Saharan zone (<90%) with about 340
million Africans having no access to safe drinking water. So, steps need to be taken by
various agencies to tackle this future problem.
This alarming situation led the UN to set Millennium Development goals for conservation of
water and ensuring supply to masses by the countries.
India has achieved the Millennium Development Goal for drinking water by providing 84 per
cent of its rural population with access to improved sources of water. Rural Development
Minister C P Joshi said in New Delhi on 12th April 2010 that the government‘s goal is to
provide safe drinking water to every household by 2012. (Source: ―Drinking water woes:
India meets UN millennium goals‖, Rediff Business, April 13, 2010)
The above said achievement is a big achievement, but, the two basic issues which arise from
it are firstly, sustaining the water availability as most of this water is groundwater which
faces the problem of over exploitation for agriculture uses. Secondly, the population which
does not have access to safe drinking water seems small when viewed in percentage terms
(only 16 percent) but in absolute terms this number comes out to be 17 million which is huge
number.

1.3. Quality
Improving the access to water will not solve the problem that the world is facing. The issue of
the quality of water that is available to the people is understated in most of water related
projects. It has been found that about 1.1 billion people in the world drink water that is
grossly contaminated. The Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation by
WHO and UNICEF estimated that there were about 884 million people who are deprived of
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improved sources of drinking water in 2008. About 5 million deaths are caused per year due
to water borne diseases.
The major issue related to contaminated water is in Sub-Saharan regions of Africa. In India,
the economic burden due to contaminated water amounts to $600 million a year. Ground
water sources in 36 districts in Northern UP are not potable.

2. Key issues
2.1. Drinking Water – social or economic asset?
Dealing with the three categories of problems as stated above will require some technological
solutions and innovations. The second phase includes development of a model by which we
can make the water available to the masses in a cost effective manner. As most of the
problems related to safe drinking water are in developing nations, so, price at which water is
made available becomes one of the important criteria for implementing any solution. Given
the high levels of poverty in developing countries affording a square meal a day is a big
problem for the people. Paying for drinking water by these people is highly questionable. In
such a scenario, the role of Government for ensuring the supply of water to the poorer mass
becomes very important. The Government in these countries have to provide water to the
masses at a price (or for free) which is below the cost incurred by the Government. Hence,
treating water as an economic asset (by which one can derive huge economic benefits) is
really difficult.
Still, there are several packaged water companies (For example, Bisleri, Bailley, Aquafina)
which are able to extract huge benefits by catering to the needs of safe drinking water to the
people. But, the involvement of private sector in managing the water portfolio is very low
and is limited to only some of the countries. Private operators provide water to only 7 percent
of the total population of the world. Experiences in several countries have shown that the
private sector often enhances water delivery system through Private-Public Partnerships
(PPPs), by implementing a more efficient management of water companies. Therefore, water
is also an economic asset, it has a cost and so a price for the customer.
But as discussed above, water is a social asset. Access to clean drinking water is a right for
every human being, regardless of his ability to pay the right price or not. The price of water
can‘t be determined by a standard demand and supply law. As well, it can‘t be determined by
a standard ―price = cost + margin‖ law, where the consumer pays the entire cost of the
service, because some consumers won‘t be able to afford it. PPP model can be one of the
effective ways for producing and supplying safe drinking water to the common mass.
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Therefore, we need to think on means to reduce the cost using PPP model for making water
affordable for everyone.

2.2. Role of government in ensuring water availability
United Nation‘s, World Water Development Report 2 (2006) report focuses on issues of
governance as the core of the water crisis, saying "There is enough water for everyone" and
"Water insufficiency is often due to mismanagement, corruption, lack of appropriate
institutions, bureaucratic inertia and a shortage of investment in both human capacity and
physical infrastructure". Official data also shows a clear correlation between access to safe
water and GDP per capita.
Some of the economists claim that the situation of water today is the result of Government
subsidies in water sector and the lack of property rights, due to which water prices are too
low and the consumption is too high. This has primarily lead to the situation of water
scarcity.
Apart from all the reasons stated above, one important issue to take into account is of leakage
(loss) rates in the distributions systems setup by the Government. The leakage rates are as
high as 50 percent in many places. Also, the systems setup for treating the waste water does
not work efficiently. According to a report by the Task Force for the Implementation of the
Environmental Action Program for Eastern Europe, Caucasus and Central Asia, municipal
water utilities have now become the main polluters of surface waters in many East European,
Caucasus and Central Asian countries.

3. Policies related to drinking water in India
The problem of ensuring safe drinking water to the population has been present for India
since long. The Government of India took steps time-to-time by implementing policies and
launching various programmes for water supply.

Accelerated Rural Water Supply Programme (ARWSP) was launched in 1972-73 to
ensure provision of adequate drinking water supply to the rural community through the
Public Health Engineering System.

Rajiv Gandhi National Drinking Water Mission was launched as Technology Mission in
1986-87 and was later renamed in 1991-92. Under this mission, government laid stress on
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improving quality of water supplied in rural areas by means of appropriate technology
intervention, human resource development etc.

National Water Policy was adopted in 1987 and its main targets were to maximize the
availability of water, improve the quality of ground water, set water allocation priorities,
motivate farmers and voluntary organizations to participate in these programmes,
management of flood control systems and provide trainings and technology.
The next stage of water management programmes started in 1999-2000 with launch of Sector
Reform Projects (SRP) aimed to involve people in planning, implementation and
management of drinking water schemes.

National Water Policy of 1987 was revised in 2002 and it emphasized the importance of
sustainable planning, management and development and periodic modifications of national
policies. This policy highlighted the importance of preservation of quality of environment
and development of water resource projects as multi-purpose projects. The PPP approach and
use of remote sensing techniques were also suggested under this policy.

Swajaldhara (2002) adopted a approach of community participation in the project in the role
of a decision maker with regards to drinking water scheme, planning, design, implementation,
control of finances, management arrangements including full ownership of drinking water
assets. The community has to share partial capital cost either in cash or kind or both, 100%
responsibility of operation and maintenance (O&M). An integrated service delivery
mechanism is also promoted which includes taking up conservation measures through
rainwater harvesting and ground water recharge systems for sustained drinking water supply.
(Source: Department of Drinking Water and Sanitation)

The Rural Water Supply (RWS) sector has now entered the fourth phase with major
emphasis on ensuring sustainability of water availability in terms of potability, adequacy,
convenience, affordability and equity while also adopting decentralized approach involving
PRIs and community organizations.

The Eleventh Five Year Plan (2007-2012) is aimed towards faster and more inclusive
growth. Rural Water Supply is, however, beset with the problem of sustainability,
maintenance, and water quality. Thus though more than 95% coverage was achieved prior to
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