Digitally-Assisted Analog and RF CMOS Circuit Design for Software-Defined Radio

229 Pages·2011·4.91 MB·English

by  Shouhei Kousai (auth.)

Digitally-Assisted Analog and RF CMOS Circuit
Design for Software-Defined Radio

Kenichi Okada • Shouhei Kousai
Editors
Digitally-Assisted Analog
and RF CMOS Circuit
Design for Software-Defined
Radio
123
Editors
KenichiOkada ShouheiKousai
DepartmentofPhysicalElectronics AdvancedCircuitDesignDepartment
GraduateSchoolofScienceandEngineering CenterforSemiconductorResearch
TokyoInstituteofTechnology andDevelopmentToshibaCorporation
Tokyo,Japan Kawasaki,Japan
[email protected] [email protected]
ISBN978-1-4419-8513-2 e-ISBN978-1-4419-8514-9
DOI10.1007/978-1-4419-8514-9
SpringerNewYorkDordrechtHeidelbergLondon
LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2011935146
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Preface
Software-defined radios (SDRs) that are capable of transmitting and receiving
modulated signals in any frequency band have long been desired. They are very
attractive, especially as mobile devices, since mobile devices need to be compact
even if they are compliant with many different wireless standards. In fact, recent
mobiledevicesarerequiredtoofferanenormousrangeofwirelessstandards(e.g.,
2G/3G/3.5G/3.9G/4Gcellular,WLAN/WPAN,GPS,broadcasting).
For many years, various aspects of SDRs have been investigated and many
technologiesfor realizing SDRs have been developed.However,it is still difficult
to realize a practical SDR device. This is mainly because conventional RF front
ends are not sufficiently flexible to satisfy the requirements for all modulation
schemesandfrequencybands.SDRtransceiversmustsatisfyquiteadiverserange
of requirements depending on the wireless standard. For example, the frequency
bandsrequiredarewidelyspreadbetween400MHzand6GHz.Ontheotherhand,
SDR transceiversare also requiredto have competitiveperformances(in terms of
powerconsumption,sensitivity,etc.)withthoseofothersingle-bandtransceivers.
A keyideaforrealizingSDRtransceivershasrecentlybeenproposed:digitally
assistedanalogandRFcircuits.Manycircuitapplicationsthatusethisconcepthave
beenreportedandtheyarehighlyflexible.Thus,SDRtransceiversarefairlyclose
to becominga reality. This bookintroducespotentialcircuitsfor SDRs, including
RF,analog,andmixed-signalcircuits.
This book is based on recent research conducted by the authors. It discusses
approaches for realizing SDR transceivers using recently developed advanced
CMOStechnology,whichusemillionsoffasttransistors.Oneofthemostimportant
technologies for realizing SDR transceivers is a design technique of digitally
assisted analog and RF circuits since SDR transceivers require high flexibility
and programmability. This book covers every circuit block available for SDR
transceiverstoillustratethevariousapplicationsofdigitallyassistedcircuits.
The book is aimed at graduate students who are designing CMOS wireless
transceivers as well as professional circuit designers and researchers of wireless
systems,antenna,andotherwirelesscomponents.Itassumesabasicknowledgeof
analogandRFcircuitdesignandcoverstheentiretransceiver,includingthereceiver,
v
vi Preface
transmitter,localoscillator,analogbaseband,ADC,andDAC.Eachchapterstands
alonesothatreaderscanselecttopicsthatinterestthem.Chapter1providesabrief
overviewanddescribestherelationshipsbetweentheotherchapters.Thesubsequent
chaptersareorganizedasfollows:
Chapter 2 was written by Jan Craninckx of IMEC in Belgium. It describes a
transceiver front-end for a SDR, which contains a quadrature local synthesizer
and a 25%-duty sampling mixer. This transceiver is even capable of SAW-less
FDD operation.It is one of the most promising SDR front-ends,and it should be
consideredbyeverySDRresearcher.
Chapter3waswrittenbyRobertBogdanStaszewskiofDelftUniversityofTech-
nologyintheNetherlands.ItdescribesthekeyconceptsofdigitalRFanddigitally
assistedRFcircuits,includinganall-digitalPLLandadirect-samplingmixer,which
arenowessentialcomponentsforhighlyintegratedCMOStransceivers.
Chapter 4 was written by Rahim Bagheri of Wilinx Corp., Ahmad Mirzaei
and Saeed Chehrazi of Broadcom Corp., and Asad A. Abidi of the University of
CaliforniainLosAngeles,California.ItdescribesthefirstpracticalSDRreceiver,
whichrepresentsa historic achievementand indicatesthe directionoffutureSDR
research.
Chapter5waswrittenbyEricKlumperink,ZhiyuRu,NielsMoseley,andBram
Nauta from the University of Twente in the Netherlands. It describes a practical
SDRreceiverthatusesdigitallyenhancedharmonicrejectionforrobustnessagainst
interference.
Chapter 6 is written by Masaki Kitsunezuka, NEC Corp.; Shinichi Hori, NEC
Corp.;andTadashiMaeda,RenesasElectronicsCorp.,Japan.Thischapterdescribes
atunableLPFthatusesduty-cyclecontrolofananalogbaseband.
Chapter 7 is written byAkira Matsuzawa of the TokyoInstitute of Technology
in Japan. It discusses reconfigurable data converters, focusing especially on a
delta-sigma analog-to-digital converter that can be used to realize both a tunable
resolutionandatunableconversionspeed.
Chapter8iswrittenbyShouheiKousaiofToshibaCorp.Thischapterdescribes
a flexible,highlyefficient,watt-leveltransmitter. Thisworkwas conductedbythe
CaltechHigh-SpeedIntegratedCircuitsGroup(CHIC).
We would like to acknowledgethe chapterauthorsfortheir enormouseffortin
helping to prepare this book. They devoted considerable time to this book, even
duringtheirpreciousholidays.Itwouldhavebeenimpossibletopublishthisbook
withouttheirfullcooperation.
Each chapter was subjected to a rigorous review process. We would like to
thankthemanyvolunteerreviewersfortheirinsightfulandconstructivecomments
includingYoheiMorishita(PanasonicCorp.),MasakiKanemaru(PanasonicCorp.),
JunDeguchi(ToshibaCorp.),andsomeanonymousreviewers.
Finally, we would like to thank Charles Glaser and Elizabeth Dougherty of
Springerfortheirgenerousandongoingsupportandguidance.
TokyoInstituteofTechnology,Japan KenichiOkada
ToshibaCorporation,Japan ShouheiKousai
Contents
1 Introduction .................................................................. 1
ShouheiKousai
2 NanoscaleCMOSTransceiverImplementation
foraSoftware-DefinedRadioPlatform.................................... 3
JanCraninckx
3 DigitalRFandDigitally-AssistedRF...................................... 35
RobertBogdanStaszewski
4 Software-DefinedRadioReceiverArchitecture
andRF-AnalogFront-EndCircuits........................................ 85
RahimBagheri,AhmadMirzaei,SaeedChehrazi,
andAsadA.Abidi
5 Interference Rejection in Receivers by Frequency
TranslatedLow-PassFilteringandDigitallyEnhanced
Harmonic-RejectionMixing................................................ 113
EricKlumperink,ZhiyuRu,NielsMoseley,andBramNauta
6 ReconfigurableAnalogBasebandFilter................................... 151
MasakiKitsunezuka,ShinichiHori,andTadashiMaeda
7 Multi-StandardDataConverters........................................... 171
AkiraMatsuzawa
8 HighlyLinearandEfficientWatt-LevelSDRTransmitter
withPowerMixerArray.................................................... 191
ShouheiKousai
Index............................................................................... 217
vii

Chapter 1
Introduction
ShouheiKousai
The aim of this book is to assist with developing software-defined radio (SDR)
transceiversandtheirrelatedcircuittechniquesinCMOS.Thebookisstructuredas
follows.
Chapter 2 describes a practical CMOS implementation of an SDR transceiver.
It can transmit and receive signals of commonly used wireless communication
standards in a frequency range of 0.1–6.0GHz. It contains several low-noise
amplifiers, driver amplifiers, and local oscillators to cover this frequency range
and their performance is critical to the transceiver. The class-C VCO described
in thischapterhasa trade-offbetweennoise andpowerconsumption,offeringthe
flexibility required for an SDR transceiver. The other circuit blocks (i.e., IQ up-
conversionanddown-conversionmixersandananalogbaseband(ABB))arehighly
tunable,enablingthemtoaccommodatemultiplestandardsinasinglecircuitblock.
TheperformanceoftheSDRtransceiveriscompetitivewithorevenbetterthanthat
ofatransceiverdesignedforasinglewirelessstandard.
Chapter 3 describes a digital RF transceiver that has the most important
characteristics for an SDR transceiver: programmability and flexibility. The key
conceptsofdigitalRFtransceivers,suchasall-digitalPLL(ADPLL),discrete-time
analog signal processing, digital-to-frequency converter (DFC), and digital-to-RF
amplitudeconverter(DRAC),are explainedin detail.Thischapteremphasizesthe
advantagesoftime-domainsignalprocessingoverconventionalvoltageorcurrent-
domainsignalprocessinginscaledCMOStechnologyintermstechnical,historical,
andcommercialaspects.
An advanced SDR receiver is discussed in Chap. 4. The basic concept is to
remove the RF-front-end filters (i.e., SAW filters) and to increase its flexibility
sothatitcanaccommodatefuturewirelessstandards.Strongout-of-bandblockers
canberejectedbyemployingthecombinationofarectangularwindowintegration
S.Kousai((cid:2))
ToshibaCorp.,Tokyo,Japan
e-mail:[email protected]
K.OkadaandS.Kousai(eds.),Digitally-AssistedAnalogandRFCMOSCircuitDesign 1
forSoftware-DefinedRadio,DOI10.1007/978-1-4419-8514-9 1,
©SpringerScience+BusinessMedia,LLC2011