Table Of ContentDigitalisation and
Human Security
A Multi-Disciplinary Approach to Cybersecurity
in the European High North
Edited by
Mirva Salminen · Gerald Zojer ·
Kamrul Hossain
New Security Challenges
Series Editor
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University of Warwick
Coventry, UK
The last decade has demonstrated that threats to security vary greatly in
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Mirva Salminen · Gerald Zojer ·
Kamrul Hossain
Editors
Digitalisation
and Human Security
A Multi-Disciplinary Approach to Cybersecurity
in the European High North
Editors
Mirva Salminen Gerald Zojer
Northern Institute for Environmental Northern Institute for Environmental
and Minority Law and Minority Law
Arctic Centre, University of Lapland Arctic Centre, University of Lapland
Rovaniemi, Finland Rovaniemi, Finland
Kamrul Hossain
Northern Institute for Environmental
and Minority Law
Arctic Centre, University of Lapland
Rovaniemi, Finland
New Security Challenges
ISBN 978-3-030-48069-1 ISBN 978-3-030-48070-7 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-48070-7
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P
reface
This book is a result of the Enablement Besides Constraints: Human
Security and a Cyber Multi-Disciplinary Framework in the European
High North (ECoHuCy) research project. The project was conducted
as part of the “society, integrity and cyber-security” theme within the
Nordic Societal Security Programme run by NordForsk—an organisa-
tion run under the auspices of the Nordic Council of Ministers that pro-
motes Nordic cooperation on research and research infrastructure. The
Northern Institute for Environment and Minority Law (NIEM) at the
Arctic Centre of the University of Lapland hosted this three-year pro-
ject from 2017 to 2019 alongside partners from three other countries,
namely, Norway, Sweden and the United Kingdom. Under the leader-
ship of the NIEM, the project participants included UiT—the Arctic
University of Norway, the Institute for Security and Development Policy
(ISDP) and the University of Swansea.
In the ECoHuCy project, we explored the connection between the
notions of human security and cybersecurity. Thematically, this is a rela-
tively under-explored domain within the field of cybersecurity research.
Cybersecurity generally refers to the technical aspects of security, high-
lighting the safe and secure functioning of computer networks, and
to external threats to the systems that control cyberspace operations.
Although cybersecurity is often viewed as a significant component of
states’ national security, we found that the human dimensions of it have
largely been ignored in the prior academic research. Hence, our aim
with the ECoHuCy project was to consider various aspects of human
v
vi PREFACE
security, in a somewhat redefined form, in light of the developments tak-
ing place in relation to digitalisation and the cybersecurity framework.
We offered a wider approach to the issues by integrating, among other
aspects, human rights and human development frameworks in order to
promote a solid understanding of how, in a specific context, regional
characteristics and regional developments reinforce both constraints and
enablement as they relate to the broader cybersecurity agenda. While
we considered the Arctic to be the general point of reference, our main
focus was on the European High North, where the harsh climatic condi-
tions, the relatively poor physical infrastructures and the sparse popula-
tion—of whom the Sámi and other indigenous peoples form groups with
distinct identities that still carry out their traditional livelihood activi-
ties—coincide and interact with ongoing regional digital developments.
During the early stages of the project, while the participants from all
the partner institutions were meeting in a number of workshops and pre-
senting their research within the project, a call for papers was simultane-
ously announced to attract external scholars working on related studies.
Our aim was to prompt the project participants to engage in dialogue
with external scholars within the field. We received significant interest
from scholars working on various issues concerning cybersecurity, and a
good number of papers were submitted to be presented at the project’s
mid-term conference, which was held in Rovaniemi in May 2018. At the
end of the conference, over a dozen high-quality chapters were submit-
ted for potential inclusion in the book stemming from the project, from
which rigorous external and internal review processes resulted in the
selection of eleven chapters to be included in the present volume. These
chapters cover themes such as the interaction between the overarching
frameworks of human security and human rights and the multidiscipli-
nary cyber framework, the relationship between digital infrastructure and
human security, the influence of digitalisation and the cyber framework
in the regional societal and environmental context, as well as the role of
electronic governance in the framing of digital citizenship. The authors
of the individual chapters have addressed important and relevant issues
with a focus on the European High North, which we believe enhances
the value of this book. Both the dialogue fostered through the work-
shops and the blind external review process have helped to heighten the
quality of the research. That said, however, the opinions expressed in the
individual chapters belong to the respective authors.
PREFACE vii
The preparation of the final manuscript took almost a year and a
half, and it required a lot of effort and patience on the part of all those
involved in the process, including the individual authors, workshop par-
ticipants and external and internal reviewers. We are grateful to all of
them. Our special thanks go to Marcin Dymet, who has coordinated the
language review process. In addition, we are also grateful to NordForsk
and to the Economic and Social Research Council of the United
Kingdom for the generous research funds they provided, without which
we could not have accomplished this exploratory research project.
Rovaniemi, Finland Mirva Salminen
December 2019 Gerald Zojer
Kamrul Hossain
c
ontents
Part I Introduction
1 A Human Security Perspective on Cybersecurity
in the European High North 3
Mirva Salminen and Gerald Zojer
Part II A Multi-Disciplinary Cybersecurity Approach
2 Comprehensive Cybersecurity and Human Rights
in the Digitalising European High North 21
Mirva Salminen, Gerald Zojer and Kamrul Hossain
3 The New Frontier for Human Cybersecurity:
Russia’s Cybersecurity Policies in the Arctic 57
Nadezhda Filimonova and Mario Portugal-Ramirez
4 Critical Human Security and Cyberspace:
Enablement Besides Constraint 83
Alan Collins
ix
x CONTENTS
Part III Human Rights and Digital Infrastructure
5 Social Exclusion as Human Insecurity: A Human
Cybersecurity Framework Applied to the European
High North 113
Kristin Smette Gulbrandsen and Michael Sheehan
6 Mobile Internet Access as a Human Right: A View
from the European High North 141
Stefan Kirchner
7 The Legal Regime Governing Submarine
Telecommunications Cables in the Arctic:
Present State and Challenges 175
Daria Shvets
8 Connecting the Arctic While Installing Submarine
Data Cables Between East Asia, North America
and Europe 205
Juha Saunavaara
Part IV Society and Environment
9 Cybersecurity of Digital Citizens in the Remote
Areas of the European High North 231
Ville Kivivirta, Leena Viinamäki and Arto Selkälä
10 Analysis of Online Social Networking When
Studying the Identities of Local Communities 267
Maxim Shishaev, Andrey Fedorov and Igor Datyev
11 The Interconnection Between Digitalisation
and Human Security in the Lives of Sámi
with Disabilities 295
Laura Olsén-Ljetoff and Liisa Hokkanen
