Digital Watermarking for Digital Media

277 Pages·2005·4.875 MB·English

by  Juergen Seitz

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Juergen Seitz
University of Cooperative Education Heidenheim, Germany
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Digital watermarking for digital media / Juergen Seitz, editor.
p. cm.
Summary: "The book discusses new aspects of digital watermarking in a worldwide context"--Provided
by publisher.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 1-59140-518-1 (h/c) -- ISBN 1-59140-519-X (s/c) -- ISBN 1-59140-520-3 (ebook)
1. Computer security. 2. Digital watermarking. 3. Multimedia systems--Security measures. 4.
Intellectual property. I. Seitz, Juergen, 1968-
QA76.9.A25D56 2005
005.8'2--dc22
2004029852
British Cataloguing in Publication Data
A Cataloguing in Publication record for this book is available from the British Library.
All work contributed to this book is new, previously-unpublished material. The views expressed in this
book are those of the authors, but not necessarily of the publisher.
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Foreword................................................................................................ v
Preface.................................................................................................. vi
Chapter I. Digital Watermarking: An Introduction........................ 1
Juergen Seitz, University of Cooperative Education
Heidenheim, Germany
Tino Jahnke, University of Cooperative Education
Heidenheim, Germany
Chapter II. Digital Watermarking Schemes for Multimedia
Authentication..................................................................................... 30
Chang-Tsun Li, University of Warwick, UK
Chapter III. Digital Watermarking for Multimedia Transaction
Tracking............................................................................................... 52
Dan Yu, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
Farook Sattar, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
Chapter IV. A New Public-Key Algorithm for Watermarking of
Digital Images .................................................................................... 87
Eberhard Stickel, Hochschule der Sparkassen-Finanzgruppe,
University of Applied Sciences Bonn GmbH, Germany
Chapter V. Geometric Distortions Correction Using Image
Moment in Image Watermarking..................................................101
Zhang Li, Shenzen University, China
Sam Kwong, City University of Hong Kong, SAR China
Chapter VI. Audio Watermarking: Requirements, Algorithms,
and Benchmarking ...........................................................................135
Nedeljko Cvejic, University of Oulu, Finland
Tapio Seppänen, University of Oulu, Finland
Chapter VII. MPEG Standards and Watermarking
Technologies .....................................................................................182
Jong-Nam Kim, Pukyong University, Republic of Korea
Byung-Ha Ahn, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology
(GIST), Republic of Korea
Chapter VIII. Time-Variant Watermarks for Digital Videos:
An MPEG-Based Approach ...........................................................215
Ernst L. Leiss, University of Houston, USA
Chapter IX. Active Watermarking System: Protection of
Digital Media ...................................................................................233
Alexander P. Pons, University of Miami, USA
Hassan Aljifri, UAE Offsets Group, USA
About the Authors............................................................................254
Index ..................................................................................................259
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Digital watermarking is an important topic because of the many illegal copies of
images, music titles, and video films. This is strengthened by the digitalization
of media assets, the rapid growth of the Internet, and the speed of file trans-
fers. Therefore, it is necessary to have mechanisms to protect these digital
assets and associated rights. This book gives an overview on storage formats
of different media types, data compression, and mechanisms and techniques to
protect these media types.
This book is an effort to give a comprehensive overview on different aspects of
media asset and digital rights management. The book aims to provide relevant
theoretical frameworks and the latest research findings in the area. It is written
for students, researchers, and professionals who want to improve their under-
standing of the role of digital watermarking to protect media assets.
Dr. Juergen Seitz
University of Cooperative Education
Heidenheim, Germany
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Digital media, like audio, video, images, and other multimedia documents, can
be protected against copyright infringements with invisible, integrated patterns.
Such methods are based on steganography and digital watermarking techniques.
Most watermarks are inserted as a plain-bit or adjusted digital signal using a
key-based embedding algorithm. The embedded information is hidden (in low-
value bits or least significant bits of picture pixels, frequency, or other value
domains) and linked inseparably with the source data structure. For the optimal
watermarking application a trade-off between competing criteria such as ro-
bustness, non-perceptibility, non-detectability, and security have to be made.
Most watermarking algorithms are not resistant to all attacks and even friendly
attacks such as file and data modifications can easily destroy the watermark.
The features of the digital world lead to economical chances such as cheap
distribution and also to serious risks in simplifying unauthorized copying and
distribution (Rosenblatt, Trippe, & Mooney, 2002). In order to solve intellectual
property problems of the digital age, two basic procedures are used: “buy and
drop,” linked to the destruction of various peer-to-peer solutions and “subpoena
and fear,” as the creation of non-natural social fear by specific legislations.
Although customers around the world are willing to buy digital products over
networks, the industry is still using conventional procedures to push such a
decisive customer impulse back into existing and conventional markets.
The importance and the supposed economical thread for copyright holders are
clarified by initiatives of the entertainment industry, such as VIVA (Visual Identity
Verification Auditor) (VIVA, n.d.) and SDMI (Secure Digital Music Initiative)
(SDMI, n.d.). Although distributors and artists already recognize the advan-
tages in making their material available online, they will not go further into the
online business until their content can be protected by technical and wide law
regulations. As new intellectual property changes became new European law
in 2003 and begin to fit the proposals of the World Intellectual Property Organi-
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zation (WIPO), political signals, which prove their importance, were set. There-
fore, the features of the digital world lead to economical chances as well as to
serious problems in simplifying unauthorized copying and distribution. Digital
watermarking is a possibility to interface and close the gap between copyrights
and digital distribution.
This book will take the reader through a series of discussions that describe,
analyze, explain, and hypothesize about digital watermarking technology and its
usage.
In Chapter I, Digital Watermarking: An Introduction, Tino Jahnke and I give
an overview on the methodology of digital watermarking, as well as on require-
ments of applications, applications, and a categorization of attacks on digital
watermarks. There is also a short summary of the historical development of
digital watermarking technology. Activities, initiatives, and projects of different
associations and interest groups are discussed.
The main focus of Chapter II, Digital Watermarking Schemes for Multime-
dia Authentication, written by Chang-Tsun Li, is on multimedia data authenti-
cation. The technical aspects of security, resolution of tamper localization, and
embedding distortion are explained. Fragile, semi-fragile, and reversible schemes
are the three main categories of watermarking approaches to the issues and
challenges that are presented. Merits and limitations of the specific schemes
are compared and discussed.
Dan Yu and Farook Sattar focus in Chapter III, Digital Watermarking for
Multimedia Transaction Tracking, on the issue of transaction tracking in mul-
timedia distribution applications through digital watermarking technology. An
approach is proposed that can overcome the problems of existing watermarking
schemes. In the absence of the original data, watermark, embedding locations,
and strengths, the watermarking scheme is introduced for efficient watermark
extraction with some side information. The robustness of the proposed scheme
is discussed.
In Chapter IV, A New Public-Key Algorithm for Watermarking of Digital
Images, Eberhard Stickel presents a two-dimensional public-key algorithm that
is based on a one-time digital signature scheme in non-abelian groups. The
public key is certified by a trusted third party. Authenticity may be verified by
anybody who knows the certified public key. The approach is discussed in rela-
tion to images made by surveillance cameras of automatic teller machines
(ATMs) in financial institutions.
Zhang Li and Sam Kwong present in Chapter V, Geometric Distortions Cor-
rection Using Image Moment in Image Watermarking, a method for detect-
ing and recovering geometrical attacks, such as rotation, scaling, and transla-
tion, by using geometric moments of the original image. The moment informa-
tion can be used as a preprocess of the extraction process. Different types of
watermarking techniques are analyzed.
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The main focus of Chapter VI, Audio Watermarking: Requirements, Algo-
rithms, and Benchmarking, by Nedeljko Cvejic and Tapio Seppänen, is on the
usage of digital watermarking for audio data. Audio watermarking algorithms
are characterized. Signal modifications that are usually used to distort embed-
ded watermarks and to prevent detection of hidden data are presented. Re-
cently developed and future applications areas are listed.
Jong-Nam Kim and Byung-Ha Ahn introduce in Chapter VII, MPEG Standards
and Watermarking Technologies, watermarking technologies of MPEG stan-
dards. A framework of watermarking technology for intellectual property pro-
tection is presented as well as an overview of MPEG-2/4, IPMP standard of
MPEG-2/4, and watermarking technologies of MPEG-2/4 IPMP. The concept
of IPMP and required technical items are summarized. MPEG-21 and its part
11, PAT (Persistent Association Technologies) methodologies, requirements, and
evaluation methods are described. Future trends of MPEG-related watermarking
technologies and requirements are discussed.
Ernst Leiss outlines in Chapter VIII, Time-Variant Watermarks for Digital
Videos: An MPEG-Based Approach, an approach that permits a significant
increase of the amount of information that can be accommodated in a water-
mark. The approach is formulated assuming the video is represented in an MPEG
format. Implementation issues of time-variant watermarks are discussed with
emphasis on defeating attacks using filtering, cropping, resizing, and other stan-
dard methods used to defeat watermarks, such as changing existing frames, as
well as new attacks, such as removing, repeating, or permuting frames.
Finally, Alexander P. Pons and Hassan Aljifri present in Chapter IX, Active
Watermarking System: Protection of Digital Media, a novel approach that
combines the reactive rule-based scheme of an active database management
system with the technology of digital watermarking to automatically protect
digital data. The integration of these two technologies provides a powerful
mechanism for protecting digital data in a consistent and formal manner.
References
Rosenblatt, B., Trippe, B., & Mooney, S. (2002). Digital rights management—
Business and technology. New York: M&T Books.
SDMI. (n.d.). Retrieved June 4, 2004, from http://www.sdmi.org
VIVA. (n.d.). Retrieved June 4, 2004, from http://www.intec.rug.ac.be/Re-
search/Groups/hfhsdesign/viva/
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This book is the product of the collaborative efforts of many dedicated individu-
als. I would like to acknowledge the help of all involved in the collation and
review process of the book, without whose support the project could not have
been satisfactorily completed. Most of the authors of chapters included in this
book also served as reviewers for articles written by other authors. Thanks to
all those who provided constructive and comprehensive reviews.
The creation of this book has been a stimulating and enlightening experience
and I hope that this book will be a useful addition to the literature on digital
watermarking.
Dr. Juergen Seitz
University of Cooperative Education
Heidenheim, Germany
June 2004