Table Of ContentRiver Publishers Series in Signal, Image and Speech Processing
Digital Signal Processing
A Breadth-first Approach
Muhammad N. Khan, Syed K. Hasnain and Mohsin Jamil
Digital Signal Processing:
A Breadth-First Approach
RiverPublishers Series in Signal, Image and Speech Processing
Volume1
SeriesEditors
MONCEFGABBOUJ THANOSSTOURAITIS
TampereUniversityofTechnology UniversityofPatras
Finland Greece
The “River Publishers Series in Signal, Image and Speech Processing” is a series
of comprehensive academic and professional books which focus on all aspects of
the theory and practice of signal processing. Books published in the series include
researchmonographs,editedvolumes,handbooksandtextbooks.Thebooksprovide
professionals, researchers, educators, and advanced students in the field with an
invaluableinsightintothelatestresearchanddevelopments.
Topics covered in the series include, but are by no means restricted to the
following:
• SignalProcessingSystems
• DigitalSignalProcessing
• ImageProcessing
• SignalTheory
• StochasticProcesses
• DetectionandEstimation
• PatternRecognition
• OpticalSignalProcessing
• Multi-dimensionalSignalProcessing
• CommunicationSignalProcessing
• BiomedicalSignalProcessing
• AcousticandVibrationSignalProcessing
• DataProcessing
• RemoteSensing
• SignalProcessingTechnology
• SpeechProcessing
• RadarSignalProcessing
Foralistofotherbooksinthisseries,visitwww.riverpublishers.com
Digital Signal Processing:
A Breadth-First Approach
Muhammad N. Khan
TheUniversityofLahore
Pakistan
Syed K. Hasnain
SwedishCollegeofEngineeringandTechnology
Pakistan
Mohsin Jamil
NationalUniversityofSciencesandTechnology
Pakistan
Published,soldanddistributedby:
RiverPublishers
NielsJernesVej10
9220AalborgØ
Denmark
RiverPublishers
LangeGeer44
2611PWDelft
TheNetherlands
Tel.:+45369953197
www.riverpublishers.com
ISBN:978-87-93379-40-4(Hardback)
978-87-93379-39-8(Ebook)
©2016RiverPublishers
Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,storedin
aretrievalsystem,ortransmittedinanyformorbyanymeans,mechanical,
photocopying,recordingorotherwise,withoutpriorwrittenpermissionof
thepublishers.
Idedicatethisbooktomylovingfamily:Atika,M.HamdaanKhan,
AyaanAhmadKhan,andImaanKhanandtomyparents:
HabibullahKhanandSairaKhan.
Contents
Preface xix
Acknowledgments xxiii
ListofFigures xxv
ListofTables xxxi
ListofAbbreviations xxxiii
1 Introduction 1
1.1 ConceptofSignalProcessing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1.1 AnalogSignalProcessing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1.2 DigitalSignalProcessing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2 RootsofDSP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.3 AdvantagesofDSP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.4 BasicBlocksofSignalProcessingSystem . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.5 DSPKeyOperations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.6 ClassificationofSignals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.6.1 Continuous-TimeversusDiscrete-TimeSignals . . . 4
1.6.2 Continuous-ValuedversusDiscrete-Valued
Signals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.6.3 DeterministicversusRandomSignals . . . . . . . . 5
1.6.4 Multi-ChannelandMulti-DimensionalSignals . . . 5
1.7 ApplicationofDSP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.7.1 Telecommunications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.7.1.1 Multiplexing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.7.1.2 Compression . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
1.7.1.3 Echocontrol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
1.7.2 AudioSignalProcessing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
1.7.2.1 Speechgeneration . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
1.7.2.2 Speechrecognition . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
vii
viii Contents
1.7.3 EchoLocation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
1.7.3.1 Radar(RAdioDetectionAndRanging) . . 8
1.7.3.2 Sonar(SOundNavigation
AndRanging) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
1.7.3.3 Reflectionseismology . . . . . . . . . . . 9
1.7.4 ImageProcessing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
1.7.4.1 Medical . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
1.7.4.2 Space. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
2 SignalsandSystems(ContinuousandDiscrete) 11
2.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
2.2 CTSignals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
2.2.1 UnitImpulseFunction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
2.2.2 StepFunction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
2.2.2.1 Propertiesofunitstepfunction . . . . . . 13
2.2.3 RampFunction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
2.2.4 ParabolicFunction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
2.2.5 ExponentialFunction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
2.2.6 SinusoidalFunction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
2.3 ConceptofFrequency:ContinuousTimeSignals . . . . . . 14
2.3.1 PeriodicandAperiodicSignals . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
2.4 DTSignals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
2.4.1 CTversusDTSignals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
2.4.2 UnitImpulse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
2.4.3 UnitStepFunction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
2.4.4 RampFunction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
2.4.5 ParabolicFunction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
2.4.6 ExponentialFunction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
2.4.7 SinusoidalFunction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
2.4.8 ConceptofFrequency:DTSignals . . . . . . . . . . 18
2.5 Time-DomainandFrequency-Domain . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
2.6 A/DandD/AConversion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
2.6.1 ProcessingStepsforA/DConversion . . . . . . . . 21
2.6.1.1 Sampleandhold . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
2.6.1.2 Quantization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
2.6.1.3 Coding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
2.6.2 SamplingofAnalogSignals . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
2.7 TheSamplingTheorem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
2.8 QuantizationError . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
Contents ix
2.9 FurtheraboutDTSignals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
2.9.1 RepresentingDTSignal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
2.9.1.1 Graphicalrepresentation . . . . . . . . . . 31
2.9.1.2 Functionalrepresentation . . . . . . . . . 32
2.9.1.3 Sequencerepresentation . . . . . . . . . . 32
2.9.1.4 Tabularrepresentation . . . . . . . . . . . 32
2.10 SimpleManipulations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
2.10.1 Reflection/Folding/Flipping . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
2.10.2 Shifting(AdvanceandDelayed) . . . . . . . . . . . 32
2.10.3 Scaling(TimeandMagnitude) . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
2.10.4 AdditionandMultiplication . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
2.10.5 EvenandOddSignals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
2.11 EnergyandPowerSignals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
2.12 Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
2.12.1 DTSystems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
2.13 System’sRepresentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
2.13.1 SymbolusedforDTSystems . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
2.13.2 AnAdder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
2.13.3 AConstantMultiplier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
2.13.4 ASignalmultiplier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
2.13.5 UnitDelayElement. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
2.13.6 UnitAdvancedElement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
2.14 System’sClassification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
2.14.1 StaticversusDynamicSystems . . . . . . . . . . . 46
2.14.2 Time-InvariantversusTime-VariantSystem . . . . . 46
2.14.2.1 Methodtoworkoutfortime-invariant
andtime-variantsystem . . . . . . . . . . 47
2.14.3 LinearversusNon-linearSystem . . . . . . . . . . . 50
2.14.3.1 Linearsystem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
2.14.3.2 Non-linearsystem . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
2.14.4 CausalversusNon-CausalSystem . . . . . . . . . . 54
2.14.5 StableversusUn-StableSystem . . . . . . . . . . . 55
2.15 ProblemsandSolutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
3 ConvolutionandCorrelation 77
3.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
3.2 TheConvolutionSum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
3.3 PropertiesofConvolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
3.3.1 CommutativeLaw . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
Description:The subject of Digital Signal Processing (DSP) is enormously complex, involving many concepts, probabilities, and signal processing that are woven together in an intricate manner. To cope with this scope and complexity, many DSP texts are often organized around the “numerical examples” of a comm
