Table Of ContentDIGITAL SATELLITE
COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEMS
AND TECHNOLOGIES
Military and Civil Applications
THE KLUWER INTERNATIONAL SERIES
IN ENGINEERING AND COMPUTER SCIENCE
COMMUNICATIONS AND INFORMATION TIIEORY
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DIGITAL SATELLITE
COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEMS
AND TECHNOLOGIES
Military and Civil Applications
edited by
A. Nejat Inee
Marmara Research Centre
Gebze-Kocaeli, Turkey
~.
"
SPRINGER SCIENCE+BUSINESS MEDIA, LLC
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Digital satellite communications systemsand teehnologies: military
and civil applieations / edited by A. Nejat Inee.
p. em. --(The K1uwer international series in engineering and
computer scienee. Communications and information theory)
Includes index.
ISBN 978-1-4613-6590-7 ISBN 978-1-4615-3578-2 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-1-4615-3578-2
1. Artificial satellites in teleeommunieation. 2. Digital
communieations. 1. Inee, A. Nejat. II. Series.
TK.5104.D54 1992
621.382 5--de20 92-23872
I
CIP
Copyright © 1992 by Springer Science+Business Media New York
Origina11y published by Kluwer Academic Publishers, New York in 1992
Softcover reprint ofthe hardcover Ist edition 1992
AII rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval
system or transmitted in any form or by any means, meehanical, photo-copying, record ing,
or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher, Springer Science +
Business Media, LLC.
Printed an acid-free paper.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Contributing Authors IX
Preface xi
Acknowledgments xv
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Objective and approach 1
1.2 Content of the book 5
CHAPTER 2: CURRENT NATO COMMUNICATIONS
PLANNING (SATCOM AND THE NATO
C3 ARCIllTECTURE) 9
2.1 Planned evolution of the NICS 9
2.2 Implications of the C3 architecture
for NATO SATCOM 11
2.3 Planned evolution of the NATO
SATCOM system 13
2.4 Future requirements 17
2.5 References 21
Appendix 2A: Integrated Services
Digital Network (ISDN) 24
Appendix 2B: Network aspect 28
Appendix 2C: Post - CFE NATO CIS
architecture 30
CHAPTER 3: COMPARISON OF NATO AND OTHER
SYSTEMS 31
3.1 Objective 31
3.2 Services and system characteristics 32
3.3 Environmental factors 37
3.4 References 39
CHAPTER 4: ISSUES AND FUTURE TRENDS IN SATELLITE
COMMUNICATIONS 41
4.1 Objective 41
4.2 Issues 41
4.3 Responses 43
4.4 Areas to be considered 51
VI
CHAPTERS: THREAT TO SATELLITE
COMMUNICATIONS 55
5.1 The threat to NATO SATCOM post-2000 55
5.2 Uplink jamming 56
5.3 Downlink jamming 57
5.4 Interception 57
5.5 Nuclear threat 58
5.6 Physical attack 62
5.7 Piracy (unauthorizs:d access) 66
5.8 References 67
CHAPTER 6: THREAT IMPLICATIONS AND COUNTER-
MEASURES 69
6.1 ECCM techniques 69
6.2 Information coding 92
6.3 Speech coding 94
6.4 Satellite hardening 100
6.5 References 102
Appendix 6A: A suggested approach for
estimating and comparing
the anti-jam capabilities
of SATCOM links 114
Appendix 6B: FEC coding for SATCOM 127
CHAPTER 7: ENVIRONMENT 143
7.1 Propagation factors 143
7.2 Precipitation effects 146
7.3 Frequency bands 147
7.4 Interference and noise 149
7.5 Countering propagation effects 154
7.6 References 155
CHAPTER 8: TECHNOLOGY REVIEW 175
8.1 Device technologies for signal
processing 175
8.2 Digital and SAW techniques for
on-board processing 191
Appendix 8.2A: Saw-based Chirp
Fourier transform 204
Vll
8.3 Spacecraft phased-array and MBA
antennas 226
Appendix 8.3A: Phased array
architecture 233
8.4 Solid-state spacebome power amplifiers 241
8.5 Laser communications for intersatellite links 252
Appendix 8.5A: Coherent optical
intersatellite crosslink
systems 268
8.6 Laser communications to submerged submarines 283
8.7 Advanced materials for spacecraft 291
8.8 Superconductivity 300
8.9 Artificial intelligence and neural
networks 307
8.10 Robotics and control 315
8.11 Power generation in space (*) 321
8.12 Spacecraft propulsion systems 336
8.13 Space transportation 339
Appendix 8.13A 342
Appendix 8.13B: Air-launched space
booster (Pegasus) 344
8.14 Earth station technology 348
8.15 Principles for selecting sponsored
R&D projects 353
CHAPTER 9: NATIONAL SATCOM SYSTEMS AND
DEVELOPMENTS 355
9.1 Introduction 355
9.2 UK systems 355
9.3 Systems and developments in the USA 360
9.4 Canadian systems 376
9.5 French systems and developments 380
9.6 Systems of The Federal Republic of Germany 390
9.7 ESA systems 392
9.8 Russian systems 400
Appendix 9 A: The first "switchboard
in the sky": an autonomous
satellite-based Access/
resource controller 402
Vlll
Appendix 9B: LOOPUS 420
Appendix 9C: A review of ESA
telecommunication
program planning 431
CHAPTER 10: POSSmLE SATCOM SYSTEM
ARClllTECTURES 477
10.1 Desired characteristics 477
10.2 Inclined elliptical orbits
(Molniya, Tundra, and Loopus types) 480
10.3 Satellite cluster systems
(CloudSat and MEWS) 488
10.4 Tethered satellite systems 497
10.5 LightSat and proliferated LEO systems 498
10.6 Summary evaluation 500
10.7 Candidate architectures 504
10.8 References . 505
Appendix lOA: Candidate orbits for
a post-2000 NATO
SATCOM system 517
Appendix lOB: Some implications
of orbits suggested
in Appendix lOA 544
CHAPTER 11: COST -PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS 551
11.1 System features 551
11.2 Cost-performance comparison of
candidate architectures 552
11.3 Approaches to cost reduction 566
Appendix 11A: Cost models for
architecture comparison 591
CHAPTER 12: CONCLUDING REMARKS 595
INDEX 599
CONTRIBUTING AUTHORS
This book is the joint work of the following individuals who worked as
members of the AGARD/NATO working group(WG-13) under the direction of
professor Ince :
Prof. Dr. A. Nejat Ince Istanbul Technical University and
Marmara Research Centre of
the Turkish Science Council
Dr.OUfried Baetz MasserschmiU-Bolkow-Blohm
GmbH, Deutsche Aerospace,
Space System Group, P.O.Box
80 11 80 D-8000 Munchen 80
Germany
Dr. PeUer M.Bakken FRO BE Radio A.S.
P.Broch gt 6 , 7030 Trondheim
Norway
Mr. Jacques Chaumeron A1catel Espace,
11, Avenue Dubonnet,
92407 Courbevoie Cedex,
France
Dr. Berry Felstead Communication Research Centre,
3701 Carling Avenue,
Ottawa, Ontario K2H 8S2
Canada
Dr. Franklin W. Floyd Stanford Telecom,
(Previously with MIT -Lincoln Labs.)
Space Systems Operation,
150 F New Boston Street,
Woburn, MA 01801-6297
USA
x
Mr. F.William Jackson Marconi Space Systems,
(now a part of Matra Marconi Space)
Anchorage Road,
Portsmouth,
Hampshire P03 5PU
England
Dr. Dharan P.S.Malik British Aerospace(Space Systems) Ltd.
Argyle Way, Stevenage,
Hertfordshire SGI 2AS
England
Dr. Paul Masterman SHAPE Tecnical Centre,
Communications Division,
P.O. Box 174,
2501 CD The Hague,
The Netherlands
Mr. Jean-Louis de Montlivaut Alcatel Espace,
11, Avenue Dubonnet,
92407 Courbevoie Cedex,
France
Mr. Rolf Rosenberg German Aerospace
Research Establishment (DLR),
Dept. P'T-TN3
Linder Hohe,
5000 KOin 90
Germany
Dr. James Saunders Masserschmitt-BOIkow-Blohm
GmbH, Deutsche Aerospace,
Space Systems Group,
P.O. Box 80 11 80
0-8000 Miichen 80
Germany
Dr. Robert Schweikert German Aerospace
Research Establishment (DLR),
OberpfafTenhofen,
0-8031 Wessling
Germany
