Digital Modeling of Material Appearance (The Morgan Kaufmann Series in Computer Graphics)

329 Pages·2007·17.14 MB·English

by  Julie Dorsey

Digital Modeling of Material Appearance
THE MORGAN KAUFMANN SERIES
IN COMPUTER GRAPHICS
VisualizationinMedicine GeometricToolsforComputerGraphics WarpingandMorphingofGraphicalObjects
BERNHARDPREIMandDIRKBARTZ PHILIPSCHNEIDERandDAVIDH.EBERLY JONASGOMES,LUCIADARSA,BRUNOCOSTA,
GeometricAlgebraforComputerScience:As UnderstandingVirtualReality:Interface, andLUIZVELHO
Object-orientedApproachtoGeometry Application,andDesignWILLIAM JimBlinn’sCorner:DirtyPixels
LEO DORST, DANIEL FONTIJNE, STEPHEN B.SHERMANandALANR.CRAIG JIMBLINN
MANN Jim Blinn’s Corner: Notation, Notation, RenderingwithRadiance:The
Notation ArtandScienceofLightingVisualization
Point-BasedGraphics
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DAVIDLUEBKE,MARTINREDDY, IntroductiontoImplicitSurfaces
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DAVIDA.D.GOULD Non-PhotorealisticComputerGraphics: WaveletsforComputerGraphics:Theory
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OpenGL CurvesandSurfacesforCAGD:APractical PrinciplesofDigitalImageSynthesis
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DigitalVideoandHDTVAlgorithmsand ComputerAnimation:Algorithmsand
UserInterfaceManagementSystems:
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CHARLESPOYNTON
The Computer Animator’s Technical Hand- DANR.OLSEN,Jr.
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PEACHEY,KENPERLIN,andSTEVEN ComputerGraphicsANDREW RICHARDH.BARTELS,JOHNC.BEATTY,and
WORLEY S.GLASSNER BRIANA.BARSKY
Digital Modeling
of Material Appearance
JULIEDORSEY
HOLLYRUSHMEIER
FRANC¸OISSILLION
AMSTERDAM•BOSTON•HEIDELBERG•LONDON
NEWYORK•OXFORD•PARIS•SANDIEGO
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Dorsey,Julie
Digitalmodelingofmaterialappearance/JulieDorsey,HollyRushmeier,FrançoisSillion.
p.cm.—(TheMorganKaufmannseriesincomputergraphics)
Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.
ISBN978-0-12-221181-2(alk.paper)
1.Computergraphics. 2.Visualization. 3.Imageprocessing—Digitaltechniques.
I.Rushmeier,HollyE. II.Sillion,FrançoisX. III.Title.
T385.D68242007
006.6—dc22 2007036188
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08 09 10 11 12 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Contents
Acknowledgments ix
CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION 1
CHAPTER 2. BACKGROUND 5
2.1 Light 7
2.2 HumanPerceptionandJudgments 12
2.2.1 LuminanceandBrightness 12
2.2.2 Color 15
2.2.3 DirectionalEffects 18
2.2.4 TexturesandPatterns 20
2.3 ImageSynthesis 21
2.3.1 Shape 22
2.3.2 IncidentLight 23
2.3.3 Material 24
2.4 SummaryandFurtherReading 24
CHAPTER 3. OBSERVATIONANDCLASSIFICATION 27
3.1 ATourofMaterials 28
3.2 ExamplesofModelingClassesofMaterials 44
CHAPTER 4. MATHEMATICALTERMS 47
4.1 EnergyasaFunctionofTime,Position,andDirection 48
4.1.1 Position 49
4.1.2 Direction 50
4.2 Radiance 54
4.3 ReflectanceandBRDF 55
4.3.1 DistributionFunctions 56
4.3.2 EnergyConservationandBRDF 58
4.3.3 ReciprocityandBRDF 59
v
vi CONTENTS
CHAPTER 5. GENERALMATERIALMODELS 61
5.1 ReflectionandRefractionfromaSmoothSurface 62
5.2 EmpiricalModels 69
5.2.1 LambertianReflectance 69
5.2.2 PhongReflectance 70
5.2.3 WardReflectance 76
5.2.4 LafortuneReflectance 79
5.2.5 Ashikhmin–ShirleyAnisotropicPhongReflectance 82
5.3 AnalyticalFirstPrinciplesModels 83
5.3.1 MicrofacetDistributions 84
5.3.2 ModelsBasedonGeometricOptics 86
5.3.3 BlinnandCook–TorranceReflectance 88
5.3.4 Oren–NayarReflectance 89
5.3.5 ModelsBasedonWaveOptics 92
5.4 SimulationfromFirstPrinciples 93
5.5 SpectralEffects 95
5.5.1 Dispersion 95
5.5.2 ThinFilmInterference 96
5.5.3 DiffractionfromRegularStructures 97
5.6 OtherEffects 97
5.6.1 Polarization 98
5.6.2 PhosphorescenceandFluorescence 100
5.7 ScatteringinVolumes 101
5.7.1 Radiance 103
5.7.2 MeasuredProperties 113
5.7.3 SolidVolumetricMedia:SubsurfaceScattering 114
5.8 SpatialVariations 120
CHAPTER 6. SPECIALIZEDMATERIALMODELS 123
6.1 NaturalOrganicMaterials 124
6.1.1 HumansandOtherMammals 124
6.1.2 Birds,Reptiles,Amphibians,Fish,andInsects 135
6.1.3 Plants 138
6.2 Natural:Inorganic 144
6.2.1 PorousMaterials 145
6.2.2 WaterinOtherMaterials:Wet/DryAppearance 145
6.2.3 Snow 147
6.3 MaterialsinManufacturedGoods 147
6.3.1 Fabrics 147
6.3.2 Paints,Coatings,andArtisticMedia 150
6.3.3 Gems 157
CONTENTS vii
CHAPTER 7. MEASUREMENT 161
7.1 TraditionalMeasurement 162
7.1.1 Gonioreflectometers 163
7.1.2 Nephelometers 166
7.1.3 IndustrialMeasurementDevices 166
7.2 Image-BasedBRDFMeasurementsofSampleMaterials 169
7.2.1 CamerasasSensors 169
7.2.2 MeasuringPreparedHomogeneousMaterial
Samples 171
7.3 MeasurementofExistingObjects 174
7.3.1 LargeObjectsandBuildings 181
7.4 SimultaneousShapeandReflectanceCapture 182
7.5 Small-ScaleGeometricStructures 183
7.5.1 NormalandBumpMaps 183
7.5.2 BidirectionalTextureFunctions 185
7.6 AlternativeRepresentations 188
7.7 SubsurfaceScatteringandVolumetricMedia 189
7.8 AdditionalDimensions 191
CHAPTER 8. AGINGANDWEATHERING 193
8.1 WeatheringTaxonomy 193
8.1.1 Chemical 194
8.1.2 Mechanical 199
8.1.3 Biological 203
8.1.4 CombinedProcesses 206
8.2 SimulationofWeatheringEffects 207
8.2.1 Patination 207
8.2.2 Impacts 210
8.2.3 Scratches 211
8.2.4 CrackingandPeeling 212
8.2.5 FlowandDeposition 215
8.2.6 DustAccumulation 217
8.2.7 WeatheringSystems 218
8.3 ReplicationofAgedAppearance 220
8.3.1 ManualApplication 220
8.3.2 AccessibilityShading/AmbientOcclusion 221
8.4 Capture,Analysis,andTransferofEffects 222
8.4.1 Context-AwareTextures 222
8.4.2 AppearanceManifolds 225
viii CONTENTS
CHAPTER 9. SPECIFYINGANDENCODINGAPPEARANCE
DESCRIPTIONS 227
9.1 PracticalTechniquesforAppearanceSpecification 227
9.1.1 VisualInterfacesforAnalyticModels 228
9.1.2 3DPainting 230
9.1.3 TextualandProgrammingInterfaces 232
9.1.4 CompositionfromBasicBuildingBlocks 234
9.2 EncodingLocalAppearanceAttributes 235
9.2.1 ParameterizedModels 236
9.2.2 TabularData 236
9.2.3 BasisFunctions 237
9.3 AssociationofMaterialandShape 238
9.3.1 DiscussionofSurfaceParameterization 238
9.3.2 RepresentationofLightandViewDependence 239
CHAPTER 10. RENDERINGAPPEARANCE 243
10.1 AnOverviewofImageCreationTechniques 243
10.1.1 ObjectProjectionTechniques 244
10.1.2 ImageSamplingTechniques 248
10.1.3 LocalandGlobalCalculations 249
10.2 SimulatingGlobalIllumination 251
10.2.1 MonteCarloEvaluationoftheRenderingEquations 252
10.2.2 CachingMechanisms 256
10.2.3 FiniteElementsMethods 262
10.3 RenderingLocalAppearance 264
10.3.1 TextureMappingandDetailManagement 265
10.3.2 BRDFandBTFSampling 266
10.3.3 SubsurfaceScatteringandParticipatingMedia 267
10.4 ColorandTone 270
10.4.1 SpectralRendering 270
10.4.2 DynamicRangeandToneMapping 272
10.5 PrecomputedRenderingElements 273
Bibliography 277
Index 303
Acknowledgments
We would like to thank our colleagues, friends, and family for their comments and
support while we wrote this book. In particular, Anne Pardoen provided invaluable
moralsupport.Wearegratefultoourfellowresearcherswhogavetheirconsenttohave
imagesfromtheirworksincludedhere.CyrilSolercontributedseveralnewillustrative
images.
We were helped a great deal by comments and suggestions on draft versions by
RussellRushmeierandbyanonymousreviewers.Webenefitedfromtherichintellec-
tualenvironmentsweworkinatYaleandINRIA.WeareindebtedtoTiffanyGasbarrini,
MicheleCronin,andtheproductionteamatElsevierfortheirpersistenceandhardwork
inturningourearlydraftsintoapolishedpublication.
EachofusspentseveralyearsearlyinourcareersworkingattheProgramofComputer
Graphics at Cornell University. Our work, including this book, has been inspired by
the vision and example of our mentors at Cornell, Professor Donald Greenberg and
ProfessorKennethTorrance.
ix