Table Of ContentDigital Mobile
Communications
and the
TETRA System
Digital Mobile
Communications
and the
TETRA System
John Dunlop
Demessie Girma
James Irvine
University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, Scot/and
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Library o/CO"Crt'H Ca/ulog;IIC-in-Pllbficu/ion Dum
Dunlop. John
Digual mobite commumca!ion~ and thc TETRA SySKOYl f John Dunlop,
Dcmcssle Girma. hlTlCl< Irvine.
p. cm.
IncludCli bibllogr.tphlcMI rcrerenco:-s.
ISIlN0-471-98792-\ (al~. paper)
I. TETRA \sIandard) Z. ~Iobilc Cl.>Illmumcal,on systems Standards.
3. Digital communication systo:-ms- Stnnd3rds. I. Girma. D.:mcssle.
II. Irv1lle. James. 111. Tillo:
TK5103.-188.D86 1999
62 1.3ll4S'02 I 8---dcZ I 99-324611
CIr
8rit;sh Libra,)' Ca/aloguing in Pllblicu/ioll Dam
A catalogue record (01" this book is 8\"lIilable from the Bntish Library
ISBN 0-471·98792-1
Contents
Preface xv
List of Abbreviations and Symbols xix
Abbreviations xix
Symbols XXI';
Chapter I Principles of Digital Mobile Radio
L J Introduction I
1.2 Modulation Methods I
1.3 Frequency and Time Division Multiplexing 4
1.4 Analogue to Digital Conversion 7
1.5 Spectral Properties of Digilal Signals 8
1.6 Pulse Shaping 10
1.7 Digital Modulation 12
1.7.1 AmplilUde Shift Keying (ASK) 12
1.7.2 Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK) 13
1.7.3 Differential Phase Shlft Keying (DPSK) 13
1.7.4 Quaternary Phase Shift Keying (QPSK) 15
1.7.5 Offset QPSK (OQPSK) 16
1.7.6 Differential QPSK (DQPSK) 17
1.7.7 7tl4-DQPSK [8
1.7.8 Linear Amplifiers 20
1.7.9 Frequency Shift Keying (FSK) 21
1.7.10 Minimum Shift Keying (MSK) 22
1.7.11 MSK considered in tenns of Phase Modulation 23
1.7.12 Bandwidth of GMSK 26
1.7. 13 III-ary Modulalion 27
1.8 Pulse Shaping in Carrier Modulated Systems 27
1.9 Bandwidth Efficiency 28
1.10 The Radio Environment 29
1.11 Plane Earth Propagation Model 31
1.12 Fast Fading 34
1.13 SlowFading37
1.14 Pathloss Models 39
1.15 Link Budgets 40
1.16 Fading in Digital Mobile Communications 41
1.17 The Cellular Concept 42
1.18 Typical Cell Operation 43
1.19 Capacity of a Cellular System 44
vi CQntents
1.20 Frequency Re-use Distance 45
1.21 Cellular Coverage 47
1.22 Sectoring 51
1.23 Statistical Issues 53
1.24 Conclusions 55
Chapter 2 Public Digital Mobile Radio Systems and Environment 56
2.1 Digital Cellular Radio 56
2.2 The Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) 56
2.3 The GSM Network Architecture 57
2.4 The GSM Radio Interface 58
2.5 Logical Channels in GSM 58
2.5.1 Burst Structure for GSM 61
2.5.2 Mapping of Logical Channels in GSM 62
2.5.3 Mapping of Traffic Channels and Associaled Control Channels 65
2.5.4 Mapping of the BCCl-VCCCH 65
2.5.5 Mapping of the SDCCHISACCH 66
2.5.6 Mapping of Logical Channels in Low Capacity Systems 67
2.6 Security in GSM 67
2.6.1 Authentication 68
2.6.2 Encryption 68
2.6.3 User Identity Protection 69
2.6.4 Sequence of Events 69
2.7 Operation of the GSM System 70
2.7.1 Location Updating 71
2.7.2 Call Establishment from a Mobile 73
2.7.3 Call Establishment to a Mobile 76
2.7.4 Call Release 76
2.8 Voice Coding in GSM 76
2.9 Non Voice Services 77
2.9.1 Data Transmission Transparent Mode 78
2.9.2 Data Transmission (Non Transparent Mode) 78
2.9.3 The GSM Short Message Service 79
2. 10 Error Protection 80
2.10.1 Channel Coding in GSM 80
2.10.2 Interleaving 82
2. II Handover in GSM 83
2.12 GSM Handover Measurements 84
2.13 Features of the GSM System 86
2.13.1 Adaptive Frame Alignment 86
2.13.2 Adaptive Power Control 86
2.13.3 Slow Frequency Hopping 87
2.13.4 Discontinuous Transmission and Reception (DTX) 88
2.13.5 GSM Evolution 88
2.14 Cordless Communication Systems 89
2.15 The Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommurucalions System (DEer) 89
2.16 Voice Coding in DECf 90
COlllelllS I'ii
2.17 The DECT Physical Layer 91
2.18 DECf Medium Access Control 92
2.19 Call Management in DECf 92
2.20 Handover in DECT 94
2.21 Dynamic Channel Selection (DCS) 94
2.22 Spread Spectrum Systems 96
2.23 Code Division Multiple Access 96
2.23.1 Power Control in CDMA 97
2.23.2 Diversity in COMA 97
2.23.3 Frequency Diversity 97
2.23.4 Spatial Diversity 98
2.23.5 Time Diversity 98
2.24 The Forward (Base to Mobile) Link in cdmaOne™ 99
2.24.1 Synchronisation Channel 100
2.24.2 Paging Channels 100
2.24.3 Quad Cover 100
2.25 The cdmaOne™ Reverse Link 10 I
2.25.1 Access Channel 101
2.25.2 Payload Data 101
2.25.3 Signalling 102
2.26 The Rake Receiver 102
2.27 Power Control Loops in cdmaOne™ 103
2.27.1 Open Loop Power Control 104
2.27.2 Closed Loop Power Control 104
2.27.3 Base Station Transmission Power Control 104
2.28 Mobile Access in cdmaOne™ 105
2.29 Conclusion 105
Chapter 3 The Private Mobile Radio Environment 107
3.1 Introduction 107
3.2 The PMR User Community 108
3.2.1 Emergency Services I JO
3.2.2 Utilities III
3.2.3 National Government III
3.2.4 Local Government III
3.2.5 On-site III
3.2.6 PAMR Operators III
3.2.7 Transpon 112
3.3 Requirements of PMR Services 113
3.4 PMR Configurations 116
3.5 Comparison Between PMR and Cellular 119
3.6 PMR standards 122
3.6.1 The Need for and Development of Standards 122
3.6.2 Analogue PMR 122
3.6.3 Digital PMR 123
3.7 PMR Market Evolution 126
"iii COllletlts
Chapter 4 An O\'er\'iew of the TETRA System 129
4.1 Introduction 129
4.2 The Basic Services of the Tetra System 130
4.3 TETRA Network Architecture 131
4.4 TETRA Circuit Mode (V+D) 132
4.4.1 Burst Structure 134
4.5 Logical Channels Hierarchy 135
4.5.1 Broadcast Control CHannel (BCCH) 137
4.5.2 Common Control CHannel (CCCH) 137
4.5.3 Associated Control CHannel (ACCH) 138
4.5.4 Access Assignment CHannel (AACH) 138
4.5.5 Common Linearisation CHannel (CLCH) 139
4.5.6 Traffic CHannels (TCH) 139
4.5.7 Signall.ing CHannel (SCH) 139
4.6 Mapping of Logical Channels in TETRA 140
4.7 Operation of the TETRA V+D Mode 141
4.7.1 Location Regisu:uion 141
4.7.2 Random Access 142
4.7.3 Call set-up Procedure 144
4.8 Special Features of me V+D Mode 146
4.9 Voice Coding in TETRA 147
4.9.1 Algebraic Code Excited Liner Predictive Coding (ACELP) 148
4.9.2 Error Concealment 150
4.10 DATA Services in V+D Mode 151
4.11 Direct Mode 152
4.11.1 The Direct Mode Channel 154
4.11.2 Call Set-up in Direct Mode 155
4.11.3 Control Channels in Direct Mode Operation 157
4.12 Summary 157
4.13 Spectral Efficiency 157
Chapter 5 TETRA System Architecture, Components and Services 161
5.1 Introduction 161
5.2 The TETRA User Groups 162
5.2.1 Potential User Groups 162
5.2.2 The TETRA MoU 163
5.3 System Architecture and Components 164
5.3.1 TETRA System Architecture 164
5.3.2 System Components 165
5.3.3 TETRA Network 165
5.3.4 Mobile Station 165
5.3.5 Classes of MS 165
5.3.6 Line Station 168
5.3.7 Direct Mode Mobile Stalion 168
5.3.8 Gateway 169
5.3.9 Network Management Unit 170
